Reanalyzing the Style of Majaz (Metaphor & Metonymy) with the Semantic Approach and Representing it to the Briefness

Kebritchi, Mohammad Taghi; SHAHROODI, MOHAMMADREZA

doi:10.22059/jlcr.2024.383998.2027

Document Type : scientific-research

Authors

¹ Postdoctoral Researcher of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jlcr.2024.383998.2027

Abstract

Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's era. Misunderstanding this rhetorical style has caused some scholars to think that Majaz is unrealistic or a lie and that the Qur'an lacks it. Therefore, a new and efficient explanation of Majaz and how it is implied will be needed to understand and interpret the Holy Quran, and the literature. This article tries to explain the semantic structure of Metaphor and Metonymy and their signification in the natural language; by using the ideas of past scientists and the teachings of applied semantics. It shows that both Metaphor and Metonymy occur based on linguistic ellipsis and non-linguistic reduction; however, Metaphor is created on similarity, but Metonymy on contiguity. Metaphor can be considered the brevity of similarity and Metonymy is the brevity of contiguity. Majaz signifies the secondary meaning in the structure of linguistic signification, and the addresses can obtain the expansive form of the brief speech and "interpret" and discover the meaning by relying on the non-linguistic context (i.e., the context of the situation and background knowledge). If one does not know a speech's application and non-linguistic context, the interpretation of Majaz and the discovery of its meaning will be difficult and sometimes impossible. Therefore, the occurrence, signification, and understanding of Metaphor and Metonymy depend on the application. Thus, Majaz can be explained like Haghighat and there is no such thing as a symbolic application (iste’mal-e Majazi). As a result, Majaz is a kind of abstract speech that can be considered the truth. Finally, Metaphor and Metonymy can be redefined as: ‏‏the brief word that signifies the secondary meaning in the new application. So, this approach can solve one of the important problems of rhetorical sciences about Metaphor and Metonymy.

Keywords

References

Abu Ubaidah, Muammar bin Muthni (Bita). Majaz al-Qur'an. first edition, Cairo: Al-Khanji School.

Abu Zaid, Nasr Hamed (1998 AD). Al-Itijah Al-Aqli in al-Tafseer. first edition, Maghreb: Al-Maqrez Al-Arabi Cultural Center.

Al Jarem, Ali & Amin, Mustafa (1999 AD). al-Balagha al-Vazeha. first edition, London: Dar al-Ma'arif

Al-Hashemi, Sayed Ahmad (1999 AD). Jawaharlal-Balaghah in Al-Ma'ani and Bayan and Al-Badi'i. research: Yusuf Al-Samili, first edition, Beirut: Al-Maqabah Al-Asriyah.

Al-Jasas Al-Hanafi, Ahmad Bin Ali (1414 AH). Al-Fusul fi al-Usul. second edition, Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf.

Al-Romani, Ali bin Isa (2008 AD). "Al-Nokat fi Ijaz al-Qur'an". in Three Letters of Ijaz al-Qur'an, first edition, Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.

Al-Sadiq, Jafar bin Muhammad peace be upon him (attributed to him) (1400 AH). Misbah al-Sharia. first edition, Beirut: Al-Alami.

Aristotle, (1907). THE POETICS OF ARISTOTLE. Translated by: S. H. BUTCHER, M.P., 4th Edition, Manchester, Oxford.

Aristotle (1337). The art of poetry (Boutiqa). translation and research: Fethullah Mojtabai, Tehran: Andisheh Publishing House.

Avicenna, Hussein bin Abdullah (1405 A.H.). al-Shifa: al-Muntiq. Qom: school of Ayatollah al-Azmi al-Marashi al-Najafi (RA).

Azhari, Mohammad bin Ahmad (1421 AH). Tahzib Al-Loghha. first edition, Beirut: Dar Ihiya al-Tarath al-Arabi.

Faqhizadeh, Abdul Hadi & Tavakoli Mohammadi, Narges (2011). "Critical analysis of views on the concept of permissible and its types". Arabic literature, fourth year, number 3, pp. 222-187

Fara, Yahya bin Ziyad (1980 AD). Ma'ani al-Qur'an. second edition, Cairo: Al-Masrya Al-Agaa Al-Kitab.

Ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad (Bita). al-Mustafa min ilm al-Osul. proofreader: Ramadan Ebrahim Muhammad, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Arqam Bin Abi al-Arqam Company

Hadizadeh, Mohammad Javad & Mortezaei, Javad (2017). "Research on the association of proximity in permissible interests". Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric, Year 7, Number 2, pp. 215-226.

Helli, Hassan bin Yusuf (1404). The principles of access to Islamic knowledge. First edition, Tehran: Al-Mattaba Al-Elamiya.

Ibn Abdul Salam, Abdul Aziz (1434). The reference to al-Ijaz in some types of al-majaz. first edition, Tripoli: Maktaba Dar al-Imam.

Ibn Abi Esba of Egypt, Abdul Azim bin Abdul Wahid (Bita). Badi al-Qur'an. second edition, Egypt: Nahda Misr.

Ibn Athir, Nasrullah bin Muhammad (Bita). Al-Mathal al-Sa'ir in the literature of al-Katib and al-Sha'ar. first edition, Cairo: Dar Nahda Misr for printing, publishing, and distribution.

Ibn Faris, Ahmad bin Faris (1404 A.H.). Ma'jam Maqais al-Logha. first edition, Qom: Maktoal al-Ilam al-Islami.

Ibn Hayon, Numan bin Muhammad Maghribi (1385 AH). Da’aem of Islam. second edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them

Ibn Jenni, Abu al-Fath Othman (Bita). Al-Khasaees. 4th edition, Egypt: Al-Masriy Al-Aaaam Al-Katab.

Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad Ibn Makram (1414). Al-Arab Language. 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar Sadir

Ibn Qutaiba, Abdullah bin Muslim (1423 ). Ta’wheel Mushlik al-Qur'an. first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb Al-Elamiya.

Ibn Roshd, Muhammad bin Ahmad (1987). Compendium of Kitab Al-Sher. Cairo: Al-Masriyyah Al-Masriyya Al-Kattab.

Jahiz, Amr bin Bahr (1424). Kitab al-Haiwan. 2nd edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb Al-Elamiya

Jahiz, Amr bin Bahr (2002). Al-Bayan and Al-Tabain. first edition, Beirut: Dar and Al-Hilal School

Jakobson, Roman (1956). “Two Aspects Of Language And Two Types Of Aphasic Disturbances”. Fundamentals of Language, Mouton: The Hague, PP: 49– 74, doi:10.1515/9783110889598-005

Jurjani, Abdul Qahir bin Abdul Rahman (1422). Asrar al-Balaghah fi 'Ilm al-Bayan. first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb al-Elamiya.

Jurjani, Ali bin Mohammad & Ibn Arabi, Muhammad bin Ali (1370). Kitab Al-Taerifat. first edition, Tehran: Nasser Khosrow.

Kebritchi, Mohammad Taghi & Shahroudi, Mohammad Reza (1400). "Rereading "linguistic signification" in understanding and interpreting the Kitab and Sunna". Islamic Philosophy and Kalam, year fifty-four, number one, pp. 121-145.

Kebritchi, Mohammad Taghi & Shahroudi, Mohammad Reza (1401). " The semantic study of "Ellipsis" and "Reduction" in language and their role in understanding and translating the brief verses of the Qur'an". Translation Studies of the Qur'an and Hadith, Volume 9, Number 18, pp. 310-342.

Likaff, George & Johnson, Mark (2019). Metaphors that we believe. translator: Rahele Gandhamkar, second edition, Tehran: Scientific Publication.

Madani, Alikhan bin Ahmad (1388). Anwar al-Rabi in the types of al-Badi'. first edition, Najaf: Al-Nu'man Press.

Madani, Alikhan bin Ahmad (1426). al-Taraz al-Awal wa al-Kanaz al-Lama. first edition, Mashhad: Al-Al-Bayt (peace be upon him) Foundation for Revival of Tradition.

Mandoor, Mohammad (1996). al-Naghd al-Manhaji ind al-Arab. first edition, Cairo: Dar Nahdeh Misr for printing and publishing.

Mufid, Muhammad bin Muhammad (1413). al-Takhkrah with the principles of jurisprudence. first edition, Qom: Al-Anqar Al-Alami for Alfiyyah al-Shaykh al-Mufid.

Mustafa, Ibrahim & Zayat, Ahmad Hassan (1989). al-Mujajm al-Wasit. first edition, Istanbul: Dar Dawa.

Muzaffar, Mohammad Reza (1430). Principles of Jurisprudence. fifth edition, Qom: Islamic Publishing House

Nahas, Ahmad bin Muhammad (1421). Erab al-Qur'an. first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb al-Elamiya

Najafi Esfahani, Mohammad Reza (1413). Waqaya al-Azhan. first edition, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt (peace be upon him) Foundation for Revival of Heritage.

Qurashi, Mohammad bin Abi Khattab (1424). Jamrah Al-Ash'ar al-Arab. Beirut: Dar al-Katb al-Elamiya.

Ragheb Esfahani, Hossein Bin Mohammad (1412). Al-Qur'an Vocabulary. first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Shamiya.

Safavi, Kurosh (1396). Metaphor. first edition, Tehran: Scientific Publications.

Safavi, Kurosh (1397). an introduction to semantics. 6th edition, Tehran: Surah Mehr.

Sakkaki, Yusuf bin Abi Bakr (1420). Miftah al-Uloom. 1st edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb al-Elamiya

Sakkaki, Yusuf bin Abi Bakr (1422). Al-Atval. 1st edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Katb al-Elamiya

Salameh, Ibrahim (1950 AD). Aristotle's Rhetoric between the Arabs and the Greeks. first edition, Cairo: Al-Anjolo Al-Masriyyah School

Shafi'i Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (1375). Imaginations in Persian Poetry. 6th edition, Tehran: Aghat Publications

Shamisa, Cyrus (1401). Bayan and Ma’ani. fifth edition, Tehran: Mitra

Siyuti, Abdur Rahman bin Abi Bakr (1421). al-Itqan in the sciences of the Qur'an. research: Fawaz Ahmad Zamralli, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Katb al-Arabi

Sobhani, Jafar (Bita). Tahhib al-Usul, a speech for the discussion of Sayyed Ruhollah Al-Khamini. first edition, Qom: Ismailian.

Sobki, Bahauddin (1423). Arus al-Afrah in Sharh Talkhis al-Muftah. first edition, Beirut: Al-Maktabeh al-Asriyah

Soroush, Abdul Karim (2017). Muhammad's Word, Muhammad's Dream. first edition, Bija: Sokrat Publications

Tabarsi, Fazl bin Hasan (1372). Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. edited by: Hashim Rasouli and Fazlullah Yazdi, third edition, Tehran: Nasser Khosro.

Tabatabai, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein (1390). Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. second edition, Beirut: Al-Alami Publishing House.

Taftazani, Saaduddin (1376). Qathr al-Ma'ani. third edition, Qom: Dar al-Fikr.

Tha’alabi, Abdul Malik bin Muhammad (Bita). Rawzah al-Fasaha. first edition, Cairo: Maktabah al-Qur'an.

Tusi, Mohammad bin Al-Hassan (Bita). al-Tabyan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. first edition, Beirut: Dar Ihiya al-Turath al-Arabi

Zamakhshari, Mahmoud bin Omar (1407). Al-Kashf an Ghavamez al-Haghaigh al-Tanzil. third edition, Lebanon: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.

Zayef, Shoghi (Bita). The Rhetoric of Evolution and History. 9th edition, Cairo: Dar al-Maarif

Zubeidi, Muhammad bin Muhammad (1205). Taj al-Arus Men Javaher al-Qamoos. first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Reanalyzing the Style of Majaz (Metaphor & Metonymy) with the Semantic Approach and Representing it to the Briefness

References

References

Volume 13, Issue 4 - Serial Number 36February 2025Pages 95-124

Volume 13, Issue 4 - Serial Number 36
February 2025
Pages 95-124