Document Type : scientific-research
Authors
1 PhD in Quran and Hadith Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's era. Misunderstanding this rhetorical style has caused some scholars to think that Majaz is unrealistic or a lie and that the Qur'an lacks it. Therefore, a new and efficient explanation of Majaz and how it is implied will be needed to understand and interpret the Holy Quran, and the literature. This article tries to explain the semantic structure of Metaphor and Metonymy and their signification in the natural language; by using the ideas of past scientists and the teachings of applied semantics. It shows that both Metaphor and Metonymy occur based on linguistic ellipsis and non-linguistic reduction; however, Metaphor is created on similarity, but Metonymy on contiguity. Metaphor can be considered the brevity of similarity and Metonymy is the brevity of contiguity. Majaz signifies the secondary meaning in the structure of linguistic signification, and the addresses can obtain the expansive form of the brief speech and "interpret" and discover the meaning by relying on the non-linguistic context (i.e., the context of the situation and background knowledge). If one does not know a speech's application and non-linguistic context, the interpretation of Majaz and the discovery of its meaning will be difficult and sometimes impossible. Therefore, the occurrence, signification, and understanding of Metaphor and Metonymy depend on the application. Thus, Majaz can be explained like Haghighat and there is no such thing as a symbolic application (iste’mal-e Majazi). As a result, Majaz is a kind of abstract speech that can be considered the truth. Finally, Metaphor and Metonymy can be redefined as: the brief word that signifies the secondary meaning in the new application. So, this approach can solve one of the important problems of rhetorical sciences about Metaphor and Metonymy.
Keywords
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