Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

scientific-research

Semiotic Study of “Love” Based on Rifater’s Theory in Attar’s Mantiq al-Tayr and Fazel Nazari’s Ghazals

Fateme Modarresi; hussein shirdel

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.373585.2000

Abstract

Semiotics is the knowledge of studying all kinds of signs and the factors present in the process of producing meaning and their interpretation, and the rules that govern the signs. ... Read More

scientific-research

Syntactic balance, Nizami`s language, linguistic and rhetorical constructions, music, symmetrization

aghileh arasteh; ahmad goli; nasser alizadeh

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 23-46

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383591.2024

Abstract

One of the most important stylistic features of Nizami`s language that creates harmony and correspondence in the structure of poetry through repetition patterns is syntactic balance. ... Read More

scientific-research

Feminine Writing in the Story 'Autumn is the Last Season of the Year' Based on Showalter's Approach

Mansoureh Shahriyari

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 47-71

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.386477.2037

Abstract

The novel, as one of the most significant and modern forms of media, plays a fundamental role in reflecting and portraying various societal issues. This characteristic enables the novel ... Read More

scientific-research

Recognizing the Points of Aesthetics, Stylistics and Literary Criticism in Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan

Mojahed Gholami

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 73-93

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383931.2026

Abstract

One of the benefits of promoting Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent was that many books were written in Persian on various subjects by the intellectuals and ... Read More One of the benefits of promoting Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent was that many books were written in Persian on various subjects by the intellectuals and elites of that land. Some of the masters and writers of the subcontinent have left behind valuable books and texts in Persian on rhetoric, understanding poetry, and literary criticism. Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan (770-778 AH) is one of these works. This book was written by Seyf Jam Heravi for Prince "Fath Khan", the son of "Firoz Shah" from the Tughlaq Shahi dynasty. Jame ol-Sanaye is a valuable book on rhetoric and the beauties and faults of Persian poetry. Although this book is influenced by some Persian and Arabic rhetorical works, such as Hadayegh ol-Sehr, Haghayegh ol-Hadayegh, Meftah al-Uloum, and Talkhis ol-Meftah, it contains significant innovations. These innovations will be mentioned in their place. In addition, the book contains valuable information and points about understanding poetry and literary criticism, and it is clear that its author considers poetry superior to prose and also considers the power of poetry to be innate. He distinguishes between a "poet" and a "composer"; he is in favor of the idea that poetry should have the meaning; But for him, the beauty and coherence of poetry are also important. He also has some noteworthy and testable opinions about the poets' following of the great poets of the past. He does not like the issue of “permissibility” in poetry. He also has indicators for criticizing poetry. Jame ol-Sanaye is the oldest rhetorical work in which an attempt has been made to define the “style” (Tarz) and stylistics of Persian poetry. In this regard, after stating some criteria, the styles of Persian poetry have been divided into nine styles, each of which has been attributed to a prominent poet. Finally, according to Seyf Heravi, the style of Amir Khusrow Dehlavi (651-725 AH), both in prose and in poetry, is superior to all styles. This opinion, along with his laudatory descriptions of Amir Khusrow, shows that this poet had a high position in the subcontinent.

scientific-research

Reanalyzing the Style of Majaz (Metaphor & Metonymy) with the Semantic Approach and Representing it to the Briefness

Mohammad Taghi Kebritchi; MOHAMMADREZA SHAHROODI

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 95-124

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383998.2027

Abstract

Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's ... Read More Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's era. Misunderstanding this rhetorical style has caused some scholars to think that Majaz is unrealistic or a lie and that the Qur'an lacks it. Therefore, a new and efficient explanation of Majaz and how it is implied will be needed to understand and interpret the Holy Quran, and the literature. This article tries to explain the semantic structure of Metaphor and Metonymy and their signification in the natural language; by using the ideas of past scientists and the teachings of applied semantics. It shows that both Metaphor and Metonymy occur based on linguistic ellipsis and non-linguistic reduction; however, Metaphor is created on similarity, but Metonymy on contiguity. Metaphor can be considered the brevity of similarity and Metonymy is the brevity of contiguity. Majaz signifies the secondary meaning in the structure of linguistic signification, and the addresses can obtain the expansive form of the brief speech and "interpret" and discover the meaning by relying on the non-linguistic context (i.e., the context of the situation and background knowledge). If one does not know a speech's application and non-linguistic context, the interpretation of Majaz and the discovery of its meaning will be difficult and sometimes impossible. Therefore, the occurrence, signification, and understanding of Metaphor and Metonymy depend on the application. Thus, Majaz can be explained like Haghighat and there is no such thing as a symbolic application (iste’mal-e Majazi). As a result, Majaz is a kind of abstract speech that can be considered the truth. Finally, Metaphor and Metonymy can be redefined as: ‏‏the brief word that signifies the secondary meaning in the new application. So, this approach can solve one of the important problems of rhetorical sciences about Metaphor and Metonymy.

scientific-research

Aesthetic Analysis of Selected Quatrains of Iraj Zebardast Based on Formalist Criticism

Kamal Rasoulian; mohammad amir obaydinia

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 125-148

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.384187.2028

Abstract

One of the approaches of literary criticism that, apart from looking at the effective elements in literary writing, criticizes the format and external body of the works; The school ... Read More

scientific-research

Analyzing the Grotesque Structure in Gogol's Fantasies (Case Study of the Cloak, the Nose)

Bahare Darzi; zohreh parsian; Rohollah Hadi

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 149-171

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.360206.1934

Abstract

Humor in Gogol's fantasies is not only social criticism, but the author tries to instill a kind of fear and sometimes anger and surprise in the reader with special measures. This article ... Read More

Potentialities and Limitations of the Bakhtinian Approach in Literary Criticism

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.361223.1944

Abstract

Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced ... Read More Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced by scholars in literary studies worldwide. In Iran, however, the Bakhtinian approach is less known compared with other critical approaches such as mythological-archetypal criticism or psychoanalytical criticism. Bakhtin initially started his literary scholarship in association with the Russian Formalists, but gradually distanced himself from their viewpoints and established his own independent approach in criticism. The Russian Formalists believed the function of language in literary texts to be “defamiliarisation”. As such, they argued that figures of speech are tools that poets and writers use in order to make the literary use of language different from its non-literary usage. Bakhtin disagreed with the Formalists and argued that language also has social and discursive aspects that need to be taken into account so that the critic would be in a position to offer insights into the deeper, hidden layers of social behaviour. Therefore, unlike the Formalists who focused their attention on the rhetorical and formal aspects of literary works, Bakhtin tried to analyse literature as discourse. Highlighting the social aspects of the novel, he emphasizes that the critic’s central concern should be to investigate how language is used in the novel. In his view, language in the novel, in distinction to poetry, is marked by concreteness. Therefore, novelistic prose is always orientated towards concrete details, as it also is in journalistic as well as legal and political texts. This concrete orientation necessitates that linguistic usage in the novel be consistent with actual language use by social groups. Concentrating on the novel as an essentially polyphonic genre marked by heteroglossia, he put forward a theory about the carnivalesque in the novel.This essay aims to expound the Bakhtinian approach in literary criticism by focusing on the tripartite concepts of “polyphony”, “heteroglossia” and “carnival”. To do so, we first discuss Bakhtin’s ideas on the essential contrast between the language of poetry and the language of the novel and then move on to consider his viewpoints on the multiplicity of voices in the novel, linguistic reflection of social stratification in this genre, and its carnivalesque qualities. In order to clarify the theoretical aspects of the Bakhtinian approach, we complement our exposition of Bakhtin’s theory with critical readings of three sample texts of Persian literature, which include selected extracts from Ferowsi’s Shahnameh, a poem by Mehdi Akhvan Salles entitled “Sonnet No. 3”, and the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab by Hooshang Golshiri. In the conclusion to this essay, we offer our assessment of the potentialities as well as the limitations of Bakhtin’s theory in literary criticism in addition to drawing a perspective of the expansion and updating of this critical approach

Exaggeration: Beyond Imagination

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50571

Abstract

Exaggeration is a rhetoric picture which is often used to arrange the speech and to attract the audience. In exaggeration, the poet, shows his meanings by the use of two methods, to ... Read More

A New Look at Ambiguity in Persian Rhetoric

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 115-134

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50572

Abstract

Ambiguity is one of very important techniques in Persian rhetoric, but in spite of its importance, it seems there is not enough accuracy in its definition and types. The present ... Read More

A Comparative Study on Ambiguity and its uses in the Poems of Khaghani and Hafez

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35932

Abstract

Several structures, themes, content and semantic elements of the poems can be described to analyze the poetry of each poet, and the quality of their pristine and pure conditions and ... Read More

Rhetoric Analysis on Metaphor in Sa’adi’s Arabic Poems

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 77-96

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35934

Abstract

Sa'adi Shirazi, as one of the greatest Persian poets, was also fluent in Arabic language. Despite his fluency in Arabic, he has few poems in this language; however these few poems show ... Read More

Volume 13 (2024)

Volume 12 (2024)

Volume 11 (2022)

Volume 10 (2021)

Volume 9 (2020)

Volume 8 (2019)

Volume 7 (2018)

Volume 6 (2017)

Volume 5 (2016)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2012)

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Indexing and Abstracting