Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

scientific-research

Semiotic Study of “Love” Based on Rifater’s Theory in Attar’s Mantiq al-Tayr and Fazel Nazari’s Ghazals

Fateme Modarresi; hussein shirdel

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.373585.2000

Abstract

Semiotics is the knowledge of studying all kinds of signs and the factors present in the process of producing meaning and their interpretation, and the rules that govern the signs. ... Read More

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Syntactic balance, Nizami`s language, linguistic and rhetorical constructions, music, symmetrization

aghileh arasteh; Ahmad Goli; Nasser Aalizadeh

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 23-46

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383591.2024

Abstract

One of the most important stylistic features of Nizami`s language that creates harmony and correspondence in the structure of poetry through repetition patterns is syntactic balance. ... Read More

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Feminine Writing in the Story 'Autumn is the Last Season of the Year' Based on Showalter's Approach

Mansoureh Shahriyari

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 47-71

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.386477.2037

Abstract

The novel, as one of the most significant and modern forms of media, plays a fundamental role in reflecting and portraying various societal issues. This characteristic enables the novel ... Read More

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Recognizing the Points of Aesthetics, Stylistics and Literary Criticism in Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan

Mojahed Gholami

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 73-93

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383931.2026

Abstract

One of the benefits of promoting Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent was that many books were written in Persian on various subjects by the intellectuals and ... Read More One of the benefits of promoting Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent was that many books were written in Persian on various subjects by the intellectuals and elites of that land. Some of the masters and writers of the subcontinent have left behind valuable books and texts in Persian on rhetoric, understanding poetry, and literary criticism. Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan (770-778 AH) is one of these works. This book was written by Seyf Jam Heravi for Prince "Fath Khan", the son of "Firoz Shah" from the Tughlaq Shahi dynasty. Jame ol-Sanaye is a valuable book on rhetoric and the beauties and faults of Persian poetry. Although this book is influenced by some Persian and Arabic rhetorical works, such as Hadayegh ol-Sehr, Haghayegh ol-Hadayegh, Meftah al-Uloum, and Talkhis ol-Meftah, it contains significant innovations. These innovations will be mentioned in their place. In addition, the book contains valuable information and points about understanding poetry and literary criticism, and it is clear that its author considers poetry superior to prose and also considers the power of poetry to be innate. He distinguishes between a "poet" and a "composer"; he is in favor of the idea that poetry should have the meaning; But for him, the beauty and coherence of poetry are also important. He also has some noteworthy and testable opinions about the poets' following of the great poets of the past. He does not like the issue of “permissibility” in poetry. He also has indicators for criticizing poetry. Jame ol-Sanaye is the oldest rhetorical work in which an attempt has been made to define the “style” (Tarz) and stylistics of Persian poetry. In this regard, after stating some criteria, the styles of Persian poetry have been divided into nine styles, each of which has been attributed to a prominent poet. Finally, according to Seyf Heravi, the style of Amir Khusrow Dehlavi (651-725 AH), both in prose and in poetry, is superior to all styles. This opinion, along with his laudatory descriptions of Amir Khusrow, shows that this poet had a high position in the subcontinent.

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Reanalyzing the Style of Majaz (Metaphor & Metonymy) with the Semantic Approach and Representing it to the Briefness

Mohammad Taghi Kebritchi; MOHAMMADREZA SHAHROODI

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 95-124

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383998.2027

Abstract

Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's ... Read More Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's era. Misunderstanding this rhetorical style has caused some scholars to think that Majaz is unrealistic or a lie and that the Qur'an lacks it. Therefore, a new and efficient explanation of Majaz and how it is implied will be needed to understand and interpret the Holy Quran, and the literature. This article tries to explain the semantic structure of Metaphor and Metonymy and their signification in the natural language; by using the ideas of past scientists and the teachings of applied semantics. It shows that both Metaphor and Metonymy occur based on linguistic ellipsis and non-linguistic reduction; however, Metaphor is created on similarity, but Metonymy on contiguity. Metaphor can be considered the brevity of similarity and Metonymy is the brevity of contiguity. Majaz signifies the secondary meaning in the structure of linguistic signification, and the addresses can obtain the expansive form of the brief speech and "interpret" and discover the meaning by relying on the non-linguistic context (i.e., the context of the situation and background knowledge). If one does not know a speech's application and non-linguistic context, the interpretation of Majaz and the discovery of its meaning will be difficult and sometimes impossible. Therefore, the occurrence, signification, and understanding of Metaphor and Metonymy depend on the application. Thus, Majaz can be explained like Haghighat and there is no such thing as a symbolic application (iste’mal-e Majazi). As a result, Majaz is a kind of abstract speech that can be considered the truth. Finally, Metaphor and Metonymy can be redefined as: ‏‏the brief word that signifies the secondary meaning in the new application. So, this approach can solve one of the important problems of rhetorical sciences about Metaphor and Metonymy.

scientific-research

Aesthetic Analysis of Selected Quatrains of Iraj Zebardast Based on Formalist Criticism

Kamal Rasoulian; mohammad amir obaydinia

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 125-148

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.384187.2028

Abstract

One of the approaches of literary criticism that, apart from looking at the effective elements in literary writing, criticizes the format and external body of the works; The school ... Read More

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Analyzing the Grotesque Structure in Gogol's Fantasies (Case Study of the Cloak, the Nose)

Bahare Darzi; zohreh parsian; Rohollah Hadi

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2025, Pages 149-171

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.360206.1934

Abstract

Humor in Gogol's fantasies is not only social criticism, but the author tries to instill a kind of fear and sometimes anger and surprise in the reader with special measures. This article ... Read More

Potentialities and Limitations of the Bakhtinian Approach in Literary Criticism

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.361223.1944

Abstract

Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced ... Read More Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced by scholars in literary studies worldwide. In Iran, however, the Bakhtinian approach is less known compared with other critical approaches such as mythological-archetypal criticism or psychoanalytical criticism. Bakhtin initially started his literary scholarship in association with the Russian Formalists, but gradually distanced himself from their viewpoints and established his own independent approach in criticism. The Russian Formalists believed the function of language in literary texts to be “defamiliarisation”. As such, they argued that figures of speech are tools that poets and writers use in order to make the literary use of language different from its non-literary usage. Bakhtin disagreed with the Formalists and argued that language also has social and discursive aspects that need to be taken into account so that the critic would be in a position to offer insights into the deeper, hidden layers of social behaviour. Therefore, unlike the Formalists who focused their attention on the rhetorical and formal aspects of literary works, Bakhtin tried to analyse literature as discourse. Highlighting the social aspects of the novel, he emphasizes that the critic’s central concern should be to investigate how language is used in the novel. In his view, language in the novel, in distinction to poetry, is marked by concreteness. Therefore, novelistic prose is always orientated towards concrete details, as it also is in journalistic as well as legal and political texts. This concrete orientation necessitates that linguistic usage in the novel be consistent with actual language use by social groups. Concentrating on the novel as an essentially polyphonic genre marked by heteroglossia, he put forward a theory about the carnivalesque in the novel.This essay aims to expound the Bakhtinian approach in literary criticism by focusing on the tripartite concepts of “polyphony”, “heteroglossia” and “carnival”. To do so, we first discuss Bakhtin’s ideas on the essential contrast between the language of poetry and the language of the novel and then move on to consider his viewpoints on the multiplicity of voices in the novel, linguistic reflection of social stratification in this genre, and its carnivalesque qualities. In order to clarify the theoretical aspects of the Bakhtinian approach, we complement our exposition of Bakhtin’s theory with critical readings of three sample texts of Persian literature, which include selected extracts from Ferowsi’s Shahnameh, a poem by Mehdi Akhvan Salles entitled “Sonnet No. 3”, and the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab by Hooshang Golshiri. In the conclusion to this essay, we offer our assessment of the potentialities as well as the limitations of Bakhtin’s theory in literary criticism in addition to drawing a perspective of the expansion and updating of this critical approach

Exaggeration: Beyond Imagination

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50571

Abstract

Exaggeration is a rhetoric picture which is often used to arrange the speech and to attract the audience. In exaggeration, the poet, shows his meanings by the use of two methods, to ... Read More

A New Look at Ambiguity in Persian Rhetoric

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 115-134

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50572

Abstract

Ambiguity is one of very important techniques in Persian rhetoric, but in spite of its importance, it seems there is not enough accuracy in its definition and types. The present ... Read More

A Comparative Study on Ambiguity and its uses in the Poems of Khaghani and Hafez

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35932

Abstract

Several structures, themes, content and semantic elements of the poems can be described to analyze the poetry of each poet, and the quality of their pristine and pure conditions and ... Read More

Rhetoric Analysis on Metaphor in Sa’adi’s Arabic Poems

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 77-96

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35934

Abstract

Sa'adi Shirazi, as one of the greatest Persian poets, was also fluent in Arabic language. Despite his fluency in Arabic, he has few poems in this language; however these few poems show ... Read More

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A Pathological Approach to Irony Studies in Persian Literature

Seyyed Mahmoud Reza Gheibi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.380548.2014

Abstract

Irony as one of the discussions in rhetorical sciences has been disputable since the beginning until now and there has been no single definition which could have explained the essence ... Read More Irony as one of the discussions in rhetorical sciences has been disputable since the beginning until now and there has been no single definition which could have explained the essence of this rhetorical/linguistic technique in a correct way. One of the most controversial and frequent literary topics is the topic of irony, one of the subsets of rhetoric. Understanding the meanings of combinations and words in Persian literary texts is in the category of understanding the ironic and secondary meanings of those combinations. In books and articles on rhetoric, different definitions with different examples have appeared. However, for the researchers in this field, there has been an Achilles heel, and those who have started a new research, put their hands on that weak point. The present study tries to have a pathological approach to landslides of irony, the definitions of irony and their weak points, the methods of studies on irony, and the neglected point’s by the researchers. In addition, and the cases on the pathology of irony studies have been discussed. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes several rhetorical books, which were discussed and compared after a detailed study of the definitions and explanations and examples in these sources, and the most important points of commonality and difference between them were examined. After examining different rhetorical and linguistic sources and discussing about the existing samples, it was found that the most important weak points in the pathology of irony included neglecting some issues such as ordinary speech, text, and dialectical and social matters, etc. Critics and commentators have not considered everyday language to have metaphors and allusions and have always tried to extract all examples of rhetoric from literary texts; In the existing rhetorical books, various definitions of irony have been presented, these definitions are to the extent that sometimes they overlap and include, sometimes they are contradictory .Suggestions were offered for these cases.

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Reviewing and comparing character and characterization(emphasizing the common anecdotes of Sannai’s Hadigah، Attar’s Masnavi

Jalil Moshayedi; Mohsen Zolfaghary; Hasan Heidari; Ameneh Niknian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384921.2032

Abstract

Sanai’s Hadiqah al-Haqiqah and Attar’s Masnavi are among the works of mystical poetry.These two great mystic poets have used many allegories to explain the high mystical ... Read More Sanai’s Hadiqah al-Haqiqah and Attar’s Masnavi are among the works of mystical poetry.These two great mystic poets have used many allegories to explain the high mystical conceptsAnd cultural and moral points. Allegory includes anecdotes and stories and is one of the most effective types of training. The present research examines and compares the character and Characterization amang the elements of the story with an emphasis on the common stories of Hadiqeh Sanai and Masnavi Attar and tries to find the common features and differences of theCommon stories in the context of the characterization methods of these two poets. this research was done in an analytical-descriptive manner and based on library sources.Sanai and Attar have used anecdotes as a tool to advance their goals.the short Anecdotes of Sanna’i، which basically emphasize and confirm the previous content ، often havea religious and educational aspect، and Attar’sMasnavis have more of a mystical aspect. the results of this study illustate that due to the diversity of the characters in mmost anecof td,y dhv in under,stand to hgui jk and sanai if hadigh ti ty ipdf fadvi gThe results of this study illustrate that due to the diversity of characters in most anecdotes, the number of main characters and sometimes sub-characters is not more than two and sometimes one. Characters are often typical, simple, and beyond complicated based on the role they play. In addition to typical characters, people with special names also play roles. Both poets have used different methods of characterization, but Attar has used behavior, speech and inner monologue more than Sanai. Stagnation is a common feature of fictional characters in Sanai's Hadigah and Masnavi, except in a few anecdotes presented in a separate table.Keywords: Character and Characterization Methods; Common Anecdotes; Hadigah; Attar's Masnavi.ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

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Mythological review and criticism of the two symbolic tools of Jamshid "sūuurā and aštrā " based on Avesta and Sanskrit texts.

Farzaneh Azam Lotfi; Mojtaba Doroodi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384432.2030

Abstract

sūuurā and aštrā are the names of two tools that Ahura Mazda provided Jamshid with as a Jamshid as a symbolic object. Although some researchers have paid attention to these two ... Read More

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Psychological analysis of Gorken's character in the poem "The Grave Digger" and Aydin in the novel "Symphony of the Dead based on Martin Seligman's positivist theory

Ali Khaleghi; Hasan Najafi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.389117.2041

Abstract

Paying attention to different aspects of a literary work is a characteristic of the new schools of literary criticism, which use the latest achievements of human sciences to leave different ... Read More Paying attention to different aspects of a literary work is a characteristic of the new schools of literary criticism, which use the latest achievements of human sciences to leave different dimensions and readings of literary works. Paying attention to the various elements of the works, especially the character, is considered in the critique of psychology, especially Martin Seligman's positivist theory. This article, while applying the positivist theory of Martin Seligman in the mentioned works, in order to answer the research questions, the points of commonality and difference between the two authors and their reasons and causes were investigated with a descriptive analytical method. Based on the foundations of the American school of comparative literature, the present research compares the character of Gorkan in the poem "Digger of the Tombs" by Badr Shaker Al-Saiyab with the character of Aydin in the novel "Symphony of the Dead" by Abbas Maroufi. The results of the researcher indicate that the negativity and the main character of the stories of Al-Siyab and Maroufi are not only rooted in the influence of the two authors on each other. Rather, it is rooted in honest common experiences that have been left behind by individuals from the two societies of Iran and Iraq. with the difference that the characters of the story (grave digger) have defined the cause of negativity in the shortages caused by the war of poverty and corruption While Orhan, in addition to misunderstanding the concept of justice, has linked emotional and family deficiencies with positivism. , it is rooted in honest common experiences that have been left behind by individuals from the two societies of Iran and Iraq. with the difference that the characters of the story (grave digger) have defined the cause of negativity in the shortages caused by the war of poverty and corruption While Orhan, in addition to misunderstanding the concept of justice, has linked emotional and family deficiencies with positivism.

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Investigating forgotten novel and rhetorical works in poetic texts

Mohammad Shahbazi; KhodaBakhsh Asadollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384994.2031

Abstract

literary rhetoric that have long attracted the attention of rhetoric scholars; And many works have been published in different eras with different definitions and various examples. ... Read More literary rhetoric that have long attracted the attention of rhetoric scholars; And many works have been published in different eras with different definitions and various examples. Literary arrays are one of the most significant and prominent components that create beauty in words and meaning.The purpose of this research is to introduce two forgotten innovative industries by citing the examples of Diwan poets and Persian poems. The array of "Tazriq" is one of the novel arts that has not been addressed in the works of literary arts and rhetorical techniques due to its low frequency and late invention. The only effect and traces of it can be seen in the scattered researches and the independent work of the Akhavan Sales. In addition to that, a kind of simile was also common in the poetry of poets of the sixth century until the Safavid era and in the Indian style, which is also far from the authors' point of view. For the first time, we come across this type of simile in the book of Tazkareh Khazane Amera, which was noted among the scholars of Indian rhetoric under the title " Anoinya Alankar ". The research method is based on library tools and analytical-descriptive method. First, we have discussed the Tazriqi industries, then we have introduced the complete analogy type. Our findings indicate that there are clear examples of both literary industries in the Persian verse texts, and each of the aforementioned arrays can be studied as an independent work in the future. With the difference that the Tazriqi array is studied in old and new verse texts, but Anoinya Alankar was observed only in the poetry of old poets and often in the form of masnavi and ghazal. As a result, with the beginning of the Safavid dynasty in Iran and not valuing poets, poets were forced to migrate to India. There the poets established the Indian style. The number of poets who stayed in Iran like an infusion started writing meaningless and meaningless poems that only had weight and rhyme to entertain the common people.

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Features and classification of Molamma't Meters from Prosody perspective (with Emphasis on Molamma't Sixth, Seventh, and eighth century)

Oula Alsaid; Aliasghar Ghahramani Moghbel; seyedmehdi tabataabei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.385717.2035

Abstract

Meters or external music as a basic element in poetry plays a decisive role in evoking emotions and conveying concepts. Its importance is not only in the artistic appeal but also in ... Read More Meters or external music as a basic element in poetry plays a decisive role in evoking emotions and conveying concepts. Its importance is not only in the artistic appeal but also in creating harmony and coherence between the verses of a poem. Molamma't poetry is one of the types of Persian poetry in which different languages, usually Persian and Arabic, are used in an overlapping manner, and this feature distinguishes it from other types of poetry. This type of poetry has flourished mainly in different periods of Persian literature, especially In the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries of Hijri, and with the works of poets such as Molavi and Saadi. This type of poetry is a product of the cultural interaction of two languages and the literary creativity of poets due to the combination of languages and Meters. This article examines the prosody (external music) and the Meters of the Molamma't poems, and its purpose is to identify and categorize the Meters of this type of poems.Considering that each language has its own prosodic features, it seeks to answer the question of how a poet in a bilingual poem utilizes prosodic rules to succeed in their dual-language poetry. This research is designed as a descriptive-analytical and statistical study. In this method, first the data related to the poems and their Meters were collected. Then these data were analyzed and analyzed statistically to identify the patterns in the external music or the prosody of Molamma't.The results of the article show that in terms of prosody rules and Poetic license, the affixes are often subject to Persian prosody, and the Meters of the affixes can be divided into three main categories and four subcategories; The main categories are: Molamma't that has a Persian Meters, Molamma't that has a joint Meters between Persian and Arabic, Molamma't whose Arabic part has an Arabic Meters and its Persian part has a Persian Meters. This classification is mainly based on the language of the Meters, i.e. Persian or Arabic.

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Volume 13 (2024)

Volume 12 (2024)

Volume 11 (2022)

Volume 10 (2021)

Volume 9 (2020)

Volume 8 (2019)

Volume 7 (2018)

Volume 6 (2017)

Volume 5 (2016)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2012)

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Indexing and Abstracting