Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

One of the important factors that distinguishes mankind from other creatures is the recognition of moral virtues and vices, which are consistently used as standards for judging human ... Read More

scientific-research

Critical Analysis of Bedātha vā Bādaye Nima Yushij

Mehrdad Zarei; Mohammad Shadrooymanesh; Bahador Bagheri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , November 2024, Pages 19-39

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.374215.1982

Abstract

Nima Yushij brought the thousand-year-old Persian poetry into a new arena. Nima himself could not recognize the theoretical foundations of his poetry, and the first steps in introducing ... Read More Nima Yushij brought the thousand-year-old Persian poetry into a new arena. Nima himself could not recognize the theoretical foundations of his poetry, and the first steps in introducing the theoretical and aesthetic foundations of free poetry to the literary community were taken by his students. Mahdi Akhavan-Sales is one of Nima's followers who, according to many researchers, has a prominent position in the field of introducing Nima's poetry and its characteristics. This article tries to find out what Akhavan found out about the basics of Nima's poetry and introduced it to the society by researching his opinions. For this purpose, it has been study the book of Bedātha vā Bādaye Nima Yushij (Iconoclasm and innovations of Nima Yushij) with "critical analysis" method. Critical analysis is a detailed examination and evaluation of the ideas or findings of a text, which is done by analyzing and validating its different parts. The correctness or incorrectness of the scientific ideas that the researchers put forward can only be determined by their critical evaluation. In the "Turning Point" chapter, Akhavan's insistence on giving Nima a pioneering position causes him to ignore Nima's previous efforts. In the chapter "Nima was a great man", he mentions reasons for Nima's many years of silence before the publication of "Phoenix", which are not correct and accurate. In the next article, Akhavan shows himself in the group that considers Nima's traditional poems to be weak. In the most famous article of his book, "A Kind of Meter in Today's Persian Poetry", despite his defense of Nima's suggested form, Akhavan made some mistakes and did not address the issue of the relationship between Meter and harmony. The chapter "harmony and composition" shows that Akhavan had a wrong understanding of Nima's "harmony" and "composition"; Moreover, the concepts of "objectivity" and "subjectivity" in Nima's theories have also been misunderstood. In his poetry, Nima did not seek to convey concepts through imagery, but wanted to bring life into the process of creating poetry. This is the reason why nature has a tangible presence in Nima's poetry, and this is another feature of Nima's poetry, which can be seen in Nima study of the Akhavan. As he states in the chapter "Step by step a poem by Nima", the main reason for the complexity of Nima's poetry is his special language, and thus he does not pay attention to the ambiguity in Nima's ideas and symbols in his poetry, which is one of the reasons for finding meaning in Nima's poems. In the end, turns out that in each chapter of this book, Akhavan introduced a characteristic of Nima's poetry, which is considered one of the basic characteristics and innovations of his poetry, however, Akhavan sometimes had a wrong perception of Nima's intended characteristic. Also, some aspects of Nima's poetry and theory have remained unexplored by him or he has not addressed them as much as he should. However, his articles, as one of the pioneers of Nima's introduction, have been a very important step in introducing Nima's poetry and its subtleties.

scientific-research

Fereydoun Rahnama and the Influence of the Surrealist Movement on Contemporary Persian Poetry known as “She’r-E No” (Translates in English as “New Poetry”)

Maryam Maryam; Mohammad Ziar

Volume 13, Issue 2 , November 2024, Pages 41-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.375677.1989

Abstract

Surrealism is one of the literary movements that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe and France, influencing other nations' literature, including Persian literature, ... Read More Surrealism is one of the literary movements that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe and France, influencing other nations' literature, including Persian literature, with significant impact. In Iran, the poetic movements known as "Moj-E No" (translated into English as “New Wave”) and "Hajm-Gara" have been more influenced by this school than other contemporary poetic movements. The aim of the present study is to investigate the historical and social impact of the Surrealist school and the influence of French poet Paul Éluard's poems on Iranian poet Fereydoun Rahnama. The French postmodernist movement was identified by Iranians in the twentieth century through several influential figures. One of these figures is Forough Farrokhzad. This Iranian poet who wrote poetry in both French and Persian, and whose French poems were admired by Paul Eluard, participated in various gatherings and acquainted young poets with what was happening in Europe. Among these youths who were part of her circle of friends were Ahmad Reza Ahmadi and Yaddollah Royaee. We know that the first established the foundation of the New Wave of Persian poetry, while the second initiated the movement of voluminous poetry. As a result of these literary gatherings, poets even repeated the life experiences of the first generation surrealists. Among these practices were automatic writing and group writing, which were invented by the Dadaists and Surrealists of the first generation. Using the method of content analysis and a comparative approach, this article first provides a brief overview of the Surrealist movement and its literary principles. It then demonstrates that Fereydoun Rahnama's interest in classical Iranian literature, such as Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Beyhaqi's works, leads him to blend the Surrealist school with the style of these texts. This fusion paves the way for a new form of poetry called "new wave" and contributes to the volume of contemporary Iranian literature, including poets like Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, Ahmad Reza Ahmadi, Nader Naderpour, Yadullah Rouya.

scientific-research

A Research on the Narration of the Blue Jackal of the Panch Tantra and the Spiritual Masnavi of Rumi Based on the Sanskrit Version

farzaneh azam lotfi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , November 2024, Pages 57-74

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.376994.1995

Abstract

Panch Tantra or Kalila and Demaneh among the masterpieces of mystical and philosophical wisdom of ancient Indian literature with the excellent translation of Nasrullah Manshi from the ... Read More

scientific-research

Review of Two Rhythms, of Two Meters and Takhrij Semantic Interference in Exquisite and Arwad

Malek Shoaei

Volume 13, Issue 2 , November 2024, Pages 75-94

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.363262.1981

Abstract

The literary idioms in the passing of time, due to the split of literary science, in the field of packing express specific meanings, such as the exquisite, and arwad fitted, be said ... Read More

Scientific extension

Explanation and Comparison of Dasht-Bayazi's Approach to the Science of Expression in Bada'i-al-Sana'i with a Look at the Advanced Works of Persian Rhetoric

Sayyed Amir Jahadi Hoseyni; Hamidreza Kharazmi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , November 2024, Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.376065.1990

Abstract

The science of rhetoric has an ancient background in the Persian language and literature, and many works have been composed in this regard since ancient times. Among these works, we ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 13, Issue 2 - Serial Number 34, November 2024, Pages 1-114

Comparative Criticism of "Sanaaniyeh" Maqama and "A Man Who Killed His Soul" Story

Abstract

Critical Analysis of Bedātha vā Bādaye Nima Yushij

Abstract

Fereydoun Rahnama and the Influence of the Surrealist Movement on Contemporary Persian Poetry known as “She’r-E No” (Translates in English as “New Poetry”)

Abstract

A Research on the Narration of the Blue Jackal of the Panch Tantra and the Spiritual Masnavi of Rumi Based on the Sanskrit Version

Abstract

Review of Two Rhythms, of Two Meters and Takhrij Semantic Interference in Exquisite and Arwad

Abstract

Explanation and Comparison of Dasht-Bayazi's Approach to the Science of Expression in Bada'i-al-Sana'i with a Look at the Advanced Works of Persian Rhetoric

Abstract