Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

scientific-research

Features and classification of Molamma't Meters from Prosody perspective (with Emphasis on Molamma't Sixth, Seventh, and eighth century)

Oula Alsaid; Aliasghar Ghahramani Moghbel; seyedmehdi tabataabei

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 1-34

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.385717.2035

Abstract

Meters or external music as a basic element in poetry plays a decisive role in evoking emotions and conveying concepts. Its importance is not only in the artistic appeal but also in ... Read More Meters or external music as a basic element in poetry plays a decisive role in evoking emotions and conveying concepts. Its importance is not only in the artistic appeal but also in creating harmony and coherence between the verses of a poem. Molamma't poetry is one of the types of Persian poetry in which different languages, usually Persian and Arabic, are used in an overlapping manner, and this feature distinguishes it from other types of poetry. This type of poetry has flourished mainly in different periods of Persian literature, especially In the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries of Hijri, and with the works of poets such as Molavi and Saadi. This type of poetry is a product of the cultural interaction of two languages and the literary creativity of poets due to the combination of languages and Meters. This article examines the prosody (external music) and the Meters of the Molamma't poems, and its purpose is to identify and categorize the Meters of this type of poems.Considering that each language has its own prosodic features, it seeks to answer the question of how a poet in a bilingual poem utilizes prosodic rules to succeed in their dual-language poetry. This research is designed as a descriptive-analytical and statistical study. In this method, first the data related to the poems and their Meters were collected. Then these data were analyzed and analyzed statistically to identify the patterns in the external music or the prosody of Molamma't.The results of the article show that in terms of prosody rules and Poetic license, the affixes are often subject to Persian prosody, and the Meters of the affixes can be divided into three main categories and four subcategories; The main categories are: Molamma't that has a Persian Meters, Molamma't that has a joint Meters between Persian and Arabic, Molamma't whose Arabic part has an Arabic Meters and its Persian part has a Persian Meters. This classification is mainly based on the language of the Meters, i.e. Persian or Arabic.

scientific-research

Reviewing and comparing character and characterization(emphasizing the common anecdotes of Sannai’s Hadigah، Attar’s Masnavi

Jalil Moshayedi; Mohsen Zolfaghary; Hasan Heidari; Ameneh Niknian

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 35-62

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384921.2032

Abstract

Sanai’s Hadiqah al-Haqiqah and Attar’s Masnavi are among the works of mystical poetry.These two great mystic poets have used many allegories to explain the high mystical ... Read More Sanai’s Hadiqah al-Haqiqah and Attar’s Masnavi are among the works of mystical poetry.These two great mystic poets have used many allegories to explain the high mystical conceptsAnd cultural and moral points. Allegory includes anecdotes and stories and is one of the most effective types of training. The present research examines and compares the character and Characterization amang the elements of the story with an emphasis on the common stories of Hadiqeh Sanai and Masnavi Attar and tries to find the common features and differences of theCommon stories in the context of the characterization methods of these two poets. this research was done in an analytical-descriptive manner and based on library sources.Sanai and Attar have used anecdotes as a tool to advance their goals.the short Anecdotes of Sanna’i، which basically emphasize and confirm the previous content ، often havea religious and educational aspect، and Attar’sMasnavis have more of a mystical aspect. the results of this study illustate that due to the diversity of the characters in mmost anecof td,y dhv in under,stand to hgui jk and sanai if hadigh ti ty ipdf fadvi gThe results of this study illustrate that due to the diversity of characters in most anecdotes, the number of main characters and sometimes sub-characters is not more than two and sometimes one. Characters are often typical, simple, and beyond complicated based on the role they play. In addition to typical characters, people with special names also play roles. Both poets have used different methods of characterization, but Attar has used behavior, speech and inner monologue more than Sanai. Stagnation is a common feature of fictional characters in Sanai's Hadigah and Masnavi, except in a few anecdotes presented in a separate table.Keywords: Character and Characterization Methods; Common Anecdotes; Hadigah; Attar's Masnavi.ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

scientific-research

Investigating forgotten novel and rhetorical works in poetic texts

Mohammad Shahbazi; KhodaBakhsh Asadollahi

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 63-82

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384994.2031

Abstract

literary rhetoric that have long attracted the attention of rhetoric scholars; And many works have been published in different eras with different definitions and various examples. ... Read More literary rhetoric that have long attracted the attention of rhetoric scholars; And many works have been published in different eras with different definitions and various examples. Literary arrays are one of the most significant and prominent components that create beauty in words and meaning.The purpose of this research is to introduce two forgotten innovative industries by citing the examples of Diwan poets and Persian poems. The array of "Tazriq" is one of the novel arts that has not been addressed in the works of literary arts and rhetorical techniques due to its low frequency and late invention. The only effect and traces of it can be seen in the scattered researches and the independent work of the Akhavan Sales. In addition to that, a kind of simile was also common in the poetry of poets of the sixth century until the Safavid era and in the Indian style, which is also far from the authors' point of view. For the first time, we come across this type of simile in the book of Tazkareh Khazane Amera, which was noted among the scholars of Indian rhetoric under the title " Anoinya Alankar ".The research method is based on library tools and analytical-descriptive method. First, we have discussed the Tazriqi industries, then we have introduced the complete analogy type.Our findings indicate that there are clear examples of both literary industries in the Persian verse texts, and each of the aforementioned arrays can be studied as an independent work in the future. With the difference that the Tazriqi array is studied in old and new verse texts, but Anoinya Alankar was observed only in the poetry of old poets and often in the form of masnavi and ghazal.As a result, with the beginning of the Safavid dynasty in Iran and not valuing poets, poets were forced to migrate to India. There the poets established the Indian style. The number of poets who stayed in Iran like an infusion started writing meaningless and meaningless poems that only had weight and rhyme to entertain the common people.

scientific-research

A Pathological Approach to Irony Studies in Persian Literature

Seyyed Mahmoud Reza Gheibi

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 83-102

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.380548.2014

Abstract

Irony as one of the discussions in rhetorical sciences has been disputable since the beginning until now and there has been no single definition which could have explained the essence ... Read More Irony as one of the discussions in rhetorical sciences has been disputable since the beginning until now and there has been no single definition which could have explained the essence of this rhetorical/linguistic technique in a correct way. One of the most controversial and frequent literary topics is the topic of irony, one of the subsets of rhetoric. Understanding the meanings of combinations and words in Persian literary texts is in the category of understanding the ironic and secondary meanings of those combinations. In books and articles on rhetoric, different definitions with different examples have appeared. However, for the researchers in this field, there has been an Achilles heel, and those who have started a new research, put their hands on that weak point. The present study tries to have a pathological approach to landslides of irony, the definitions of irony and their weak points, the methods of studies on irony, and the neglected point’s by the researchers. In addition, and the cases on the pathology of irony studies have been discussed. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes several rhetorical books, which were discussed and compared after a detailed study of the definitions and explanations and examples in these sources, and the most important points of commonality and difference between them were examined. After examining different rhetorical and linguistic sources and discussing about the existing samples, it was found that the most important weak points in the pathology of irony included neglecting some issues such as ordinary speech, text, and dialectical and social matters, etc. Critics and commentators have not considered everyday language to have metaphors and allusions and have always tried to extract all examples of rhetoric from literary texts; In the existing rhetorical books, various definitions of irony have been presented, these definitions are to the extent that sometimes they overlap and include, sometimes they are contradictory .Suggestions were offered for these cases.

scientific-research

Mythological review and criticism of the two symbolic tools of Jamshid "sūuurā and aštrā " based on Avesta and Sanskrit texts.

Farzaneh Azam Lotfi; Mojtaba Doroodi

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 103-120

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.384432.2030

Abstract

sūuurā and aštrā are the names of two tools that Ahura Mazda provided Jamshid with as a Jamshid as a symbolic object. Although some researchers have paid attention to these ... Read More

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Psychological analysis of Gorken's character in the poem "The Grave Digger" and Aydin in the novel "Symphony of the Dead based on Martin Seligman's positivist theory

Ali Khaleghi; Hasan Najafi

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 121-144

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.389117.2041

Abstract

Paying attention to different aspects of a literary work is a characteristic of the new schools of literary criticism, which use the latest achievements of human sciences to leave different ... Read More Paying attention to different aspects of a literary work is a characteristic of the new schools of literary criticism, which use the latest achievements of human sciences to leave different dimensions and readings of literary works. Paying attention to the various elements of the works, especially the character, is considered in the critique of psychology, especially Martin Seligman's positivist theory. This article, while applying the positivist theory of Martin Seligman in the mentioned works, in order to answer the research questions, the points of commonality and difference between the two authors and their reasons and causes were investigated with a descriptive analytical method. Based on the foundations of the American school of comparative literature, the present research compares the character of Gorkan in the poem "Digger of the Tombs" by Badr Shaker Al-Saiyab with the character of Aydin in the novel "Symphony of the Dead" by Abbas Maroufi. The results of the researcher indicate that the negativity and the main character of the stories of Al-Siyab and Maroufi are not only rooted in the influence of the two authors on each other. Rather, it is rooted in honest common experiences that have been left behind by individuals from the two societies of Iran and Iraq. with the difference that the characters of the story (grave digger) have defined the cause of negativity in the shortages caused by the war of poverty and corruption While Orhan, in addition to misunderstanding the concept of justice, has linked emotional and family deficiencies with positivism., it is rooted in honest common experiences that have been left behind by individuals from the two societies of Iran and Iraq. with the difference that the characters of the story (grave digger) have defined the cause of negativity in the shortages caused by the war of poverty and corruption While Orhan, in addition to misunderstanding the concept of justice, has linked emotional and family deficiencies with positivism.

scientific-research

Studying the Critical Approach in the Novel "The Curse of the Earth" by Jalal Al-Ahmad

Hamid Abdollahyan; َAhmad Kahrobaee

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 145-174

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.388043.2040

Abstract

Here, a synthesis of the historical sociology (the effect of historical and social mechanisms of the 1960s on the occurrence of land reforms), cultural studies (critique of urban-rural ... Read More Here, a synthesis of the historical sociology (the effect of historical and social mechanisms of the 1960s on the occurrence of land reforms), cultural studies (critique of urban-rural power relations by Al-Ahmad), and communications (production of the novel The Curse of the Earth as a medium) approaches is offered to critically study the novel ‘The Curse of the Earth’ by Jalal Ale-Ahmad. In recent years, ecological critique has fascinated the attention of many researchers and environmental enthusiasts. Given its existing capacities and interdisciplinary nature, this approach has been able to open its place in various scientific disciplines, including natural disciplines and humanities, and through it, the environmental crisis and the need to address this issue have become more prominent than ever. In this paper, an attempt is made to critically evaluate the novel "The Curse of the Earth" using the concepts presented in the ecological approach.In this novel, the author deals with the relationship between humans and the environment in three main levels. First, the rural environment is contrasted with the urban environment. On another level, the arrival of automobiles in the countryside and the consequences they have had and continue to have on people's culture and attitudes are our second concern. Thirdly, the issue of land reform, with a metaphorical function, informs about human interference in nature and the natural environment. This metaphorical use, as well as the novel's title, which suggests The Curse of the Earth on its inhabitants, provides a platform for ecological criticism, in which all human activities on the natural environment can be scrutinized through a new lens.One of the major contributions of this paper is the combination of approaches from historical sociology, cultural studies, and communication to understand the temporal and historical context of the production of the novel "The Curse of the Earth". If we had not chosen such a Synthesis, we would not have understood why Al-Ahmad had come to identify the destruction of nature in the 1960s.

scientific-research

Hidden Sips in Raw Wine (A Study of the Novel “Raw Wine” by Ismail Fasih Based on Barthes’s Five Codes)

اhojjat allah omidali; fateme soltani

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2025, Pages 175-202

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.396526.2062

Abstract

The novel Raw Wine depicts Tehran in 1956; it tells the story of a man who, upon returning from the United States, encounters a wealthy yet tension-filled life, intertwined with criminal ... Read More The novel Raw Wine depicts Tehran in 1956; it tells the story of a man who, upon returning from the United States, encounters a wealthy yet tension-filled life, intertwined with criminal enigmas and complex human relationships. This study asks how, based on Roland Barthes’s five codes, one can accurately and rigorously uncover the multiple semantic layers of Raw Wine. The research method is descriptive-analytical, grounded in Barthes’s five codes (Hermeneutic, Proairetic, Symbolic, Semic, and Referential). In the Hermeneutic analysis section, the unresolved mysteries surrounding Mahin’s and Naser’s deaths—infused with suspense and ambiguity—are examined so that the reader moves beyond the narrative’s surface level. The Proairetic code categorizes and names the chain of criminal events and key actions, such as murder, interrogations, and meetings. The Semic code addresses the implicit connotations of characters (Jalal, Naser, Esmail, and Yousef) and symbols like “wine” and “mirage.” The Symbolic code reveals binary oppositions—staying/leaving, tradition/modernity, death/life, city/village—as the text’s structural axes. Finally, the Referential code uncovers Iran’s cultural and social background in the 1950s and exposes the novel’s critique of isolated intellectuals and naturalism. The findings demonstrate that Raw Wine, by employing a criminal framework alongside symbolic and semic layers, provides a fertile ground for producing plural meanings, transforming the reader from a passive consumer into an active producer of meaning. Finally, the Referential code uncovers Iran’s cultural and social background in the 1950s and exposes the novel’s critique of isolated intellectuals and naturalism. The findings demonstrate that Raw Wine, by employing a criminal framework alongside symbolic and semic layers, provides a fertile ground for producing plural meanings, transforming the reader from a passive consumer into an active producer of meaning.layers, provides a fertile ground for producing plural meanings, transforming the reader from a passive consumer into an active producer of meaning.layers, provides a fertile ground for producing plural meanings, transforming the reader from a passive consumer into an active producer of meaning.

Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

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Volume & Issue: Volume 14, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37, June 2025, Pages 1-202

Features and classification of Molamma't Meters from Prosody perspective (with Emphasis on Molamma't Sixth, Seventh, and eighth century)

Abstract

Reviewing and comparing character and characterization(emphasizing the common anecdotes of Sannai’s Hadigah، Attar’s Masnavi

Abstract

Investigating forgotten novel and rhetorical works in poetic texts

Abstract

A Pathological Approach to Irony Studies in Persian Literature

Abstract

Mythological review and criticism of the two symbolic tools of Jamshid "sūuurā and aštrā " based on Avesta and Sanskrit texts.

Abstract

Psychological analysis of Gorken's character in the poem "The Grave Digger" and Aydin in the novel "Symphony of the Dead based on Martin Seligman's positivist theory

Abstract

Studying the Critical Approach in the Novel "The Curse of the Earth" by Jalal Al-Ahmad

Abstract

Hidden Sips in Raw Wine (A Study of the Novel “Raw Wine” by Ismail Fasih Based on Barthes’s Five Codes)

Abstract