Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

scientific-research

A Subtle Expression of the Different Function of Some Traditional-Social Beliefs of the Jahili Era In the Language of the Holy Quran

Ali Salimi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 1-21

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.375498.1987

Abstract

Language is the door of entering facts into the human mind and is a socio-cultural phenomenon. Each language encodes and reflects the realities and phenomena of the outside world in ... Read More

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Children's and adolescent literature, systematic review, content, structure, fictional literature.

Elham Zamani; Mahmoud Fazilat; A S; Maryam Jalali

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 23-42

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.378328.2003

Abstract

Children fiction’s writers have their own standards and criteria. Researchers and critics in the field of children's literature also provide reviews and standards.Meanwhile, there ... Read More Children fiction’s writers have their own standards and criteria. Researchers and critics in the field of children's literature also provide reviews and standards.Meanwhile, there is no comprehensive and targeted study that can give specific criteria and structural and content components for children's literature.The current research aims to extract "structural and content components and criteria of children's literature" for the age group of 12 to 18 years children.This study was conducted using a systematic review method and carried out by searching for articles based on these keywords "Fictional Literature", "Juvenile Literature", "Children's Literature", "Structure", "Content" and "component" in several scientific databases: Noormagz, Magiran, Ensani, ISC, the University of Tehran’s Scientific Journals database and Civilica databases were conducted. The criteria and components of fiction literature for children and adolescents were extracted.By conducting a systematic review, 834 articles were extracted. During the screening process of the articles by examining the titles, abstracts, and full text of the extracted articles, finally, 8 articles were selected for the final analysis. The extracted components were divided into two main classes content and structural components. The content class was divided into three subclasses: psychological, educational skills, and teenagers' interests and tastes. The structure class was also classified into three subclasses: literary features, story type, and title, and characterization.The results of this research show that there are subtle structural and content differences between juvenile fiction and children's or adult fiction that should be taken into account when writing stories for this age group. The results, as structural and content criteria of children's literature, can be a basis for managers and decision-makers in the field of children's and adolescent literature for planning and policy-making in this area; Especially for the age group of 12 to 18 years.

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A Critical look at Perso-Arabic Orthography in Zoroastrian Middle Persian Manuscripts

Ali Shahidi; Ibrahim Shafiei

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 43-59

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.379610.2008

Abstract

Following the Muslims' invasion and consequently spreading the Arabic language and script, the Iranian Muslims in the early centuries, in some of their Arabic writings, used to account ... Read More

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Narrative Cognitive Analysis of Three Stories from Golestan

Saber Emami

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 61-84

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.379979.2010

Abstract

Saadi's fame has gone beyond the borders of Iran due to the power of his pen and the impact of his speech. Researchers of Iranian writers and others have written a lot on the discovery ... Read More Saadi's fame has gone beyond the borders of Iran due to the power of his pen and the impact of his speech. Researchers of Iranian writers and others have written a lot on the discovery and recognition of Saadi's pen. Narratology is one of the new literary sciences that examines narrative texts, especially stories, from the perspective of quantity and quality and how successful they are in using narrative skills, their impact on the reader, and the percentage of their ability to deliver a message to the audience and recipient of the work.In this article, three stories of Golestan Saadi are re-examined using the library, descriptive and analytical method, with the help of the rules and skills of modern storytelling. To answer this question, what is the secret of the power, beauty and perfection of Golestan stories? In this article, by re-reading and examining Saadi's stories, it is correctly proven that Saadi's intuitive and unconscious focus on how to process the narrative and his precision in the construction and presentation of the story structure, as modern story writing is looking for after centuries. The main reason for the success of Golestan's stories is their perfection, power, impact and beauty.Saadi in an extraordinary way to skills such as: how to start the story, create a knot in the longitudinal axis of the story and bring the story to the crisis and climax, and unravel the knot and bring the speech to the end, and the role of dialogue and characterization in the fullness of the story and send a message to the audience is aware.With artistic precision, he tells the story with an energetic incident that hits the reader's mind and emotions, and what will happen to him in the face of the question? It starts, and by making the necessary knots and creating questions and a sense of curiosity in the mind and soul of the audience, it brings the story to the peak of the crisis, and by unraveling the knot, it reaches its goal of sending a message to the audience.

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Historical Criticism and Analysis of Relations Between Iran and India in the Book Taj at-Tawarikh (Based on the lithographic Version)

Karim Najafi barzegar

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 85-97

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.382708.2019

Abstract

Iran and India are two great origins of world civilization. The people of these two great countries have long interacted and traded with each other for millennia due to their ethnic ... Read More

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Polyphonic Analysis of the Poem "Eternal Sunset" by Forough Farrokhzad According to the Theory of Mikhail Bakhtin

Khadijeh Sadat Tabatabaee; Abdollah Hasanzadeh Mirali

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 99-126

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.371749.1977

Abstract

Dialogue logic, especially polyphonic, is the main essence of Bakhtin's thought in all her intellectual levels. He considers the logic of conversation to be the basis of human life ... Read More

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Narrative Techniques of Self-Destructive and Its Motives in the Parvin Etesami Court

fazlollah khodadadi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , December 2024, Pages 127-139

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.378273.2001

Abstract

A self-error narrative is a type of narrative that addresses the author or poet in the text. This kind of narrative is specific to the literature of fiction, which is revealed as the ... Read More

Potentialities and Limitations of the Bakhtinian Approach in Literary Criticism

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.361223.1944

Abstract

Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced ... Read More Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced by scholars in literary studies worldwide. In Iran, however, the Bakhtinian approach is less known compared with other critical approaches such as mythological-archetypal criticism or psychoanalytical criticism. Bakhtin initially started his literary scholarship in association with the Russian Formalists, but gradually distanced himself from their viewpoints and established his own independent approach in criticism. The Russian Formalists believed the function of language in literary texts to be “defamiliarisation”. As such, they argued that figures of speech are tools that poets and writers use in order to make the literary use of language different from its non-literary usage. Bakhtin disagreed with the Formalists and argued that language also has social and discursive aspects that need to be taken into account so that the critic would be in a position to offer insights into the deeper, hidden layers of social behaviour. Therefore, unlike the Formalists who focused their attention on the rhetorical and formal aspects of literary works, Bakhtin tried to analyse literature as discourse. Highlighting the social aspects of the novel, he emphasizes that the critic’s central concern should be to investigate how language is used in the novel. In his view, language in the novel, in distinction to poetry, is marked by concreteness. Therefore, novelistic prose is always orientated towards concrete details, as it also is in journalistic as well as legal and political texts. This concrete orientation necessitates that linguistic usage in the novel be consistent with actual language use by social groups. Concentrating on the novel as an essentially polyphonic genre marked by heteroglossia, he put forward a theory about the carnivalesque in the novel.This essay aims to expound the Bakhtinian approach in literary criticism by focusing on the tripartite concepts of “polyphony”, “heteroglossia” and “carnival”. To do so, we first discuss Bakhtin’s ideas on the essential contrast between the language of poetry and the language of the novel and then move on to consider his viewpoints on the multiplicity of voices in the novel, linguistic reflection of social stratification in this genre, and its carnivalesque qualities. In order to clarify the theoretical aspects of the Bakhtinian approach, we complement our exposition of Bakhtin’s theory with critical readings of three sample texts of Persian literature, which include selected extracts from Ferowsi’s Shahnameh, a poem by Mehdi Akhvan Salles entitled “Sonnet No. 3”, and the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab by Hooshang Golshiri. In the conclusion to this essay, we offer our assessment of the potentialities as well as the limitations of Bakhtin’s theory in literary criticism in addition to drawing a perspective of the expansion and updating of this critical approach

Exaggeration: Beyond Imagination

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50571

Abstract

Exaggeration is a rhetoric picture which is often used to arrange the speech and to attract the audience. In exaggeration, the poet, shows his meanings by the use of two methods, to ... Read More

A New Look at Ambiguity in Persian Rhetoric

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 115-134

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50572

Abstract

Ambiguity is one of very important techniques in Persian rhetoric, but in spite of its importance, it seems there is not enough accuracy in its definition and types. The present ... Read More

A Comparative Study on Ambiguity and its uses in the Poems of Khaghani and Hafez

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35932

Abstract

Several structures, themes, content and semantic elements of the poems can be described to analyze the poetry of each poet, and the quality of their pristine and pure conditions and ... Read More

Rhetoric Analysis on Metaphor in Sa’adi’s Arabic Poems

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 77-96

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35934

Abstract

Sa'adi Shirazi, as one of the greatest Persian poets, was also fluent in Arabic language. Despite his fluency in Arabic, he has few poems in this language; however these few poems show ... Read More

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Semiotic analysis of "love" based on Rifater's theory In Attar's logic and Fazel Nazari's sonnets

hussein shirdel; Fateme Modarresi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.373585.2000

Abstract

Semiotics is the knowledge of studying all kinds of signs and the factors present in the process of producing meaning and their interpretation, and the rules that govern the signs. ... Read More

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Recognizing the points of aesthetics, stylistics and literary criticism in Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan

Mojahed Gholami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383931.2026

Abstract

One of the blessings of the prevalence and narrative of Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent, many books have been written in Persian language on various topics ... Read More

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Reanalyzing the style of Majaz (Metaphor & Metonymy) with the semantic approach and representing it to the briefness

Mohammad Taghi Kebritchi; MOHAMMADREZA SHAHROODI

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383998.2027

Abstract

Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's ... Read More Majaz (including Metaphor and Metonymy) is one of the most important issues in the rhetoric sciences, and its structure and mechanism have been the subject of discussions since Aristotle's era. Misunderstanding this rhetorical style has caused some scholars to think that Majaz is unrealistic or a lie and that the Qur'an lacks it. Therefore, a new and efficient explanation of Majaz and how it is implied will be needed to understand and interpret the Holy Quran, and the literature. This article tries to explain the semantic structure of Metaphor and Metonymy and their signification in the natural language; by using the ideas of past scientists and the teachings of applied semantics. It shows that both Metaphor and Metonymy occur based on linguistic ellipsis and non-linguistic reduction; however, Metaphor is created on similarity, but Metonymy on contiguity. Metaphor can be considered the brevity of similarity and Metonymy is the brevity of contiguity. Majaz signifies the secondary meaning in the structure of linguistic signification, and the addresses can obtain the expansive form of the brief speech and "interpret" and discover the meaning by relying on the non-linguistic context (i.e., the context of the situation and background knowledge). If one does not know a speech's application and non-linguistic context, the interpretation of Majaz and the discovery of its meaning will be difficult and sometimes impossible. Therefore, the occurrence, signification, and understanding of Metaphor and Metonymy depend on the application. Thus, Majaz can be explained like Haghighat and there is no such thing as a symbolic application (iste’mal-e Majazi). As a result, Majaz is a kind of abstract speech that can be considered the truth. Finally, Metaphor and Metonymy can be redefined as: ‏‏the brief word that signifies the secondary meaning in the new application. So, this approach can solve one of the important problems of rhetorical sciences about Metaphor and Metonymy.

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Aesthetic analysis of selected quatrains of Iraj Zebardast based on formalist criticism

Kamal Rasoulian; mohammad amir obaydinia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.384187.2028

Abstract

One of the approaches of literary criticism that, apart from looking at the effective elements in literary writing, criticizes the format and external body of the works; The school ... Read More One of the approaches of literary criticism that, apart from looking at the effective elements in literary writing, criticizes the format and external body of the works; The school is formalism. The present research deals with the aesthetic analysis of some selected quatrains of Iraj Zebardast, a contemporary Iranian poet, using the approach of formalist criticism. Formalist criticism, as one of the most important approaches of literary criticism in the 20th century, focuses on the structure and form of the literary work and believes that the meaning and beauty of the work can be understood primarily through its formal elements. In this research, first, the theoretical foundations of formalist criticism are briefly explained; Then, by selecting some important quatrains from the mentioned poet, a detailed analysis of their formal elements is done. These elements include weight, rhyme, row, literary arrays such as (pun, metaphor, irony and simile), syntactic structure, and how these elements relate to each other in creating meaning and aesthetic effect. The results of this analysis show that in his quatrains, Zebardast has skilfully used the formal capacities of this poetic form. The artistic use of the weight and inner music of words, the use of pristine and non-repetitive rhymes, the use of literary techniques in the service of meaning, and the creation of a link between form and content are among the distinctive features of his quatrains. This research also examines how the elements of form affect the transfer of concepts and themes intended by the poet and shows how form and content are intermingled in Zebardast’s quatrains and have formed a coherent and effective whole.This research can also add to the richness of contemporary Persian literature and lay the foundation for more studies in different fields of poetry and literary criticism. The main problem of this research is the aesthetic analysis and analysis of the selected quatrains of Iraj zebardast based on the approach of formalistic criticism.

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The Study of Syntactic Balance in Nizami`s Poetry, Based on Symmetrizing

aghileh arasteh; ahmad goli; nasser alizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.383591.2024

Abstract

Syntactic balance is one of the most important of Nizami`s style, that causes harmony and correspondence in the structure of poetry by repetition patterns. Syntactic balance is an important ... Read More Syntactic balance is one of the most important of Nizami`s style, that causes harmony and correspondence in the structure of poetry by repetition patterns. Syntactic balance is an important factor in making language music and inducing words, including creative verbal repetitions in a rule-adding manner. Nizami`s Khamsa can be considered a valuable treasure of artistic repetition that provide the means to create verse. Nizami, with conscious use of the power of language, put a set of words together which form the bases of music in syntactic relations, with the style if repetition, in the way of composition and compatibility. An important factor that establishes the form of syntactic balance in Khamsa, is the existence of symmetry types. Symmetry creates aesthetic links that are considered the basis of music in poetry, by creating hidden repetitions in the text. Nizami in Khamsa has created syntactic balance by repeating grammatical roles and role shifs, based on syntactic and lexical similsrities, in the linguistic construction of the poem, and with the same role arrangements and syllabic rules in the construction of poetic rhetoric. In spite of having a sublime form and musical texture, Nizami`s language has been neglected in terms of investing the types of balance and syntactic aesthetics.This essay, considering all kindes of symmetry, tries to present different perspectives of the language if Nizami`s poetry in a descriptive – analytical manner by presenting new approaches in the field of repetition. The syntactic balance in Nizami`s Khamsa based on rules that overlap with different symmetries. This shows the close connection of syntactic repetitions with the verse and music of words, which is widespread in the poem`s syntagmatic axis. Considering the important role they play in the construction of balance, symmetries are considered as the basis of syntactic balance that form repetition patterns in the structure of the poem. Nizami has created a balance texture of syntactic repetitions that form the basis of the rhythm and music of his language in Khamsa, by using syntactic, lexical, and syllabic symmetries

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"Feminine Writing in the Story 'Autumn is the Last Season of the Year' Based on Showalter's Approach"

Mansoureh Shahriyari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2025.386477.2037

Abstract

Analysis of the Novel "Autumn is the Last Season of the Year" with a Situated Feminist Approach Abstract: The novel, as one of the most significant and modern forms of media, ... Read More Analysis of the Novel "Autumn is the Last Season of the Year" with a Situated Feminist Approach Abstract: The novel, as one of the most significant and modern forms of media, plays a fundamental role in reflecting and portraying various societal issues. This characteristic enables the novel to serve as a powerful tool for reevaluating and reinterpreting the prevailing thoughts and perspectives within society. "Autumn is the Last Season of the Year," written by Ms. Nasim Marashi, stands out as one of the literary masterpieces of the past two decades, exemplifying this capability. This novel, which won the Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Award in 2015, provides a precise depiction of contemporary societal realities by addressing social and cultural topics. In this article, our aim is to analyze this story through the lens of Elaine Showalter, a prominent American critic and theorist. Her theory, known as situated criticism or the literary tradition of women, allows for the examination of women's writing from the perspective of gender differences. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Showalter's fourfold approach—encompassing linguistic, biological, cultural, and psychological dimensions—we aim to achieve a deeper understanding of the status and experiences of women in the story. This research endeavors to highlight the role of the novel in representing and critiquing societal thoughts and values. The ultimate goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of the challenges and issues faced by women in contemporary society through a detailed and comprehensive analysis of this literary work. By focusing on linguistic details, biological experiences, cultural transformations, and psychological tensions, this article seeks to provide a complete and multifaceted portrayal of the status of women in the novel "Autumn is the Last Season of the Year." Keywords: Showalter's fourfold approach, women, "Autumn is the Last Season of the Year," transition from tradition to modernity.

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Analyzing the grotesque structure in Gogol's fantasies (case study of the cloak, the nose)

Bahare Darzi; zohreh parsian; Rohollah Hadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.360206.1934

Abstract

Humor in Gogol's fantasies is not only social criticism, but the author tries to instill a kind of fear and sometimes anger and surprise in the reader with special measures. This ... Read More

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Volume 13 (2024)

Volume 12 (2024)

Volume 11 (2022)

Volume 10 (2021)

Volume 9 (2020)

Volume 8 (2019)

Volume 7 (2018)

Volume 6 (2017)

Volume 5 (2016)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2012)

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Indexing and Abstracting