Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

scientific-research

Psychoanalytic Criticism of the Story "Hana" From Aiin Nowruzi

Homayun Jamshidian

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.364360.1954

Abstract

The story Hana, in the anthology "Weather for Several Days of the Year" by Aiin Nowruzi, probes into the recounting of a man's separation from his beloved, Darya. Yet, intriguingly, ... Read More The story Hana, in the anthology "Weather for Several Days of the Year" by Aiin Nowruzi, probes into the recounting of a man's separation from his beloved, Darya. Yet, intriguingly, the narrative often veers towards the man's niece, Hana, born around the time of his parting with Darya. Through subtle cues in the text, it becomes apparent that the narrator's feelings, actions, and words carry deeper, symbolic connotations. The author intricately weaves details, seemingly diverting attention from the central theme, perhaps to conceal its true essence. The aim here is to decode and interpret the concealed meanings while striving for coherence within the narrative. Employing a Freudian psychoanalytic lens, the text is explored akin to a dream, where an underlying, more significant level remains obscured beneath the surface. Adopting an inductive research approach, the analysis unravels the symbols and signs embedded within the text, which serve as manifestations of the narrator's subconscious. These symbols, while holding inherent meanings, are suppressed expressions of truths concealed by the narrator, from both himself and the audience. Central questions arise: What causes the ambiguity and contradictions in the narrator's discourse and actions? What roles do the symbols play in the narrative, and can they be organized into a meaningful structure? By dissecting the components of the text and its supporting evidence, it becomes evident that the narrator channels the sorrow of separation from Darya, his longing to reunite, and his desire for offspring through mechanisms like displacement and integration, manifested as symbols such as darkness, underground spaces, numbers, and unconventional behavior and speech. Hana operates on two levels: the surface events recounted by the narrator and the deeper layer of inferred ambiguities and contradictions. To address this dissonance, it is proposed that the narrator not only conceals truths from the audience but also from himself. Through the lens of Freudian psychoanalysis, the story is revisited and interpreted, ultimately revealing that Darya is veiled behind the narrative. The entirety of the tale, supported by textual evidence, emerges as a dream experienced by the narrator upon waking, showcasing elements of displacement and integration. Darya's presence permeates the narrative, subtly observed despite her name remaining unspoken.

scientific-research

Analysis Similes in Masnavi Hasht-Behesht of Amir Khosro Dehlavi

habib roohi keykanloo; hosein hasanpour; ahmad ghanipour malekshah

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 21-46

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.360624.1937

Abstract

Hasht-Behesht is one of Amirkhosrow’s five Masnavids written in response to Nezami’s Haft-Peikar. By examining the similes in this poem, we found that the similes used by ... Read More

scientific-research

Types of Humor in the Works of Prominent Poets of the Seljuk Period

ghahreman shiri

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 47-71

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.360902.1941

Abstract

The course of satirical writing in Iran is closely related to political history. In the periods when poets and writers have benefited from relative freedom, satirical writing has also ... Read More

scientific-research

Manifestations of Situational Irony in the 6th Chapter of Baharestan of Jami

Abdoreza Seif; Arad Gholami

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 73-90

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.362913.1950

Abstract

Irony as a word means mockery, ridicule, derision, and the like. In Persian literature, there have been many names for all kinds of jokes, with different credits. In contemporary research ... Read More Irony as a word means mockery, ridicule, derision, and the like. In Persian literature, there have been many names for all kinds of jokes, with different credits. In contemporary research in this field, irony is used as a word for all texts that are characterized by laughter. In fact, irony is a type of literature that magnifies evil and ugliness. In this descriptive-analytical research, the general and expanded meaning of irony, which includes concepts such as lampoon and facetiae, is used, and after examining the definition and scope of the concept of irony and specifically, situational irony, we will analyze this genre in the sixth chapter of Jami’s prose work called Baharestan in order to identify the various statuses that create irony in this text; Finally, we try to analyze why certain statuses are used more frequently. So, in this research, at the theoretical level, the most frequent statuses used to create the situational irony in the classical Persian literature have been discussed and then, at the applied level, the situational irony in a specific literary work has been analyzed using those theoretical tools. On one hand, the descriptive dimension of this paper is based on the explanations about irony, in general, and the situational irony and the statuses which make it, in particular. On the other hand, the analytical aspect of this research is based on the implementation of the aforesaid analysis in the sixth chapter of Jami’s Baharestan. The findings of this research show that Jami has used situational irony in more than half of the passages of the sixth chapter of Baharestan, and his most frequent use in creating situational irony has been the status of disagreeable characteristics. In this way, he has ironized both external undesirable traits, such as ugliness, and inner unsavory characteristics, such as oppression. In addition, Jami’s use of eight different situations out of the ten most frequent situations that create situational irony in classical Persian literature has displayed a high diversity in the aforementioned book.

scientific-research

Investigating the element of place in the novel Guantanamo written by Yousuf Zidan from the perspective of semiotics and based on Peirce's approach

abbas najafi; Javad Ranjbar

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 91-109

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.363012.1951

Abstract

The science of semiotics is the knowledge of examining semantic implications. Charles Sanders Peirce of the structuralist semioticians used the concept of "signification" to explain ... Read More

scientific-research

The Oldest Newly Found Heteromeric Poem by Nima Yušij

Mahdi Olyaei Moghaddam

Volume 12, Issue 4 , March 2024, Pages 111-132

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2024.371740.1976

Abstract

The oldest example of free verse in Nimā Yušij's literary output is commonly assumed to be the poem "Phoenix" (Qoqnus), which is dated 1316 Š. /1937. This poem was published ... Read More

Exaggeration: Beyond Imagination

Muhammad H. Muhammadi; Meitham Hajipour

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50571

Abstract

Exaggeration is a rhetoric picture which is often used to arrange the speech and to attract the audience. In exaggeration, the poet, shows his meanings by the use of two methods, to ... Read More

A New Look at Ambiguity in Persian Rhetoric

Amir Chenari

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 115-134

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2014.50572

Abstract

Ambiguity is one of very important techniques in Persian rhetoric, but in spite of its importance, it seems there is not enough accuracy in its definition and types. The present ... Read More

Potentialities and Limitations of the Bakhtinian Approach in Literary Criticism

Hossein Payandeh

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2023.361223.1944

Abstract

Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced ... Read More Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of literary criticism in the twentieth century whose ideas, particularly in the field of novel criticism, have been widely embraced by scholars in literary studies worldwide. In Iran, however, the Bakhtinian approach is less known compared with other critical approaches such as mythological-archetypal criticism or psychoanalytical criticism. Bakhtin initially started his literary scholarship in association with the Russian Formalists, but gradually distanced himself from their viewpoints and established his own independent approach in criticism. The Russian Formalists believed the function of language in literary texts to be “defamiliarisation”. As such, they argued that figures of speech are tools that poets and writers use in order to make the literary use of language different from its non-literary usage. Bakhtin disagreed with the Formalists and argued that language also has social and discursive aspects that need to be taken into account so that the critic would be in a position to offer insights into the deeper, hidden layers of social behaviour. Therefore, unlike the Formalists who focused their attention on the rhetorical and formal aspects of literary works, Bakhtin tried to analyse literature as discourse. Highlighting the social aspects of the novel, he emphasizes that the critic’s central concern should be to investigate how language is used in the novel. In his view, language in the novel, in distinction to poetry, is marked by concreteness. Therefore, novelistic prose is always orientated towards concrete details, as it also is in journalistic as well as legal and political texts. This concrete orientation necessitates that linguistic usage in the novel be consistent with actual language use by social groups. Concentrating on the novel as an essentially polyphonic genre marked by heteroglossia, he put forward a theory about the carnivalesque in the novel.This essay aims to expound the Bakhtinian approach in literary criticism by focusing on the tripartite concepts of “polyphony”, “heteroglossia” and “carnival”. To do so, we first discuss Bakhtin’s ideas on the essential contrast between the language of poetry and the language of the novel and then move on to consider his viewpoints on the multiplicity of voices in the novel, linguistic reflection of social stratification in this genre, and its carnivalesque qualities. In order to clarify the theoretical aspects of the Bakhtinian approach, we complement our exposition of Bakhtin’s theory with critical readings of three sample texts of Persian literature, which include selected extracts from Ferowsi’s Shahnameh, a poem by Mehdi Akhvan Salles entitled “Sonnet No. 3”, and the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab by Hooshang Golshiri. In the conclusion to this essay, we offer our assessment of the potentialities as well as the limitations of Bakhtin’s theory in literary criticism in addition to drawing a perspective of the expansion and updating of this critical approach

A Comparative Study on Ambiguity and its uses in the Poems of Khaghani and Hafez

Ahmad Ghanipour Malekshah; Soudabeh Reza-zadeh

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35932

Abstract

Several structures, themes, content and semantic elements of the poems can be described to analyze the poetry of each poet, and the quality of their pristine and pure conditions and ... Read More

Rhetoric Analysis on Metaphor in Sa’adi’s Arabic Poems

Mostafa Kamaljoo; Elham Zare

Volume 2, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 77-96

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2013.35934

Abstract

Sa'adi Shirazi, as one of the greatest Persian poets, was also fluent in Arabic language. Despite his fluency in Arabic, he has few poems in this language; however these few poems show ... Read More

Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

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Volume 12 (2024)

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Volume 1 (2012)

Psychoanalytic Criticism of the Story "Hana" From Aiin Nowruzi

Abstract

Analysis Similes in Masnavi Hasht-Behesht of Amir Khosro Dehlavi

Abstract

Types of Humor in the Works of Prominent Poets of the Seljuk Period

Abstract

Manifestations of Situational Irony in the 6th Chapter of Baharestan of Jami

Abstract

Investigating the element of place in the novel Guantanamo written by Yousuf Zidan from the perspective of semiotics and based on Peirce's approach

Abstract

The Oldest Newly Found Heteromeric Poem by Nima Yušij

Abstract

Exaggeration: Beyond Imagination

Abstract

A New Look at Ambiguity in Persian Rhetoric

Abstract

Potentialities and Limitations of the Bakhtinian Approach in Literary Criticism

Abstract

A Comparative Study on Ambiguity and its uses in the Poems of Khaghani and Hafez

Abstract

Rhetoric Analysis on Metaphor in Sa’adi’s Arabic Poems

Abstract

Indexing and Abstracting