نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

• مجاهد غلامی

دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران.

چکیده

از برکات رواج و روایی زبان و ادبیات پارسی در شبه قارّۀ هندوستان، نوشته شدن کتاب­‌های بسیاری به زبان پارسی در موضوعات گوناگون، توسّط اندیشمندان و نخبگان آن دیار بوده­ است. چنانکه برخی استادان و ادیبان شبه قارّه، کتاب­‌ها و رساله‌­هایی پر ارج و ارز به پارسی در بلاغت، شعرشناسی و نقد ادبی از خود به یادگار نهاده‌­اند. جامع الصّنایع و الاوزان (778-770ﻫ.ق)، یکی از همین آثار است که توسّط سیف جام هروی و برای شاهزاده «فتح خان»، فرزند «فیروزشاه» از سلسلۀ تغلق شاهیان نوشته شده­ است. جامع الصّنایع، به مثابۀ کتابی در بلاغت و محاسن و معایب شعر دَری، با وجود تأثیرگیری از برخی آثار بلاغی پارسی و عربی نظیر حدایق السّحر، حقایق الحدایق، مفتاح العلوم و تلخیص المفتاح، نوگویی­‌های قابل توجّهی دارد که در جای خود بررسیده تواند شد. افزون بر این، کتاب دربردارندۀ اطّلاعات و نکاتِ ارزشمندی در شعرشناسی و نقد ادبی است و خبر از آن می­‌دهد که نویسندۀ آن، همچنانکه نظم را بر نثر رجحان می‌­دهد، شاعری را امری موهبتی می­‌داند. او میان «شاعر» با «موزون‌طبع» و «خوب­طبع» تفاوت می­گذارد. طرفدار معنادار بودن شعر است، امّا جانب زیبایی و بِاندامی شعر را نیز فرو نمی­‌گذارد. در پیروی شاعران هم­‌روزگار خود از استادان پیشین، نظراتی دارد که شایستۀ بازخوانی و بررسی است. تن دادن به «جواز» را در شعر خوش نمی­‌دارد و شاخص­‌هایی برای نقد شعر دارد. همچنین جامع الصّنایع، کهنسال­‌ترین نوشتۀ بلاغی‌­ای است که در آن برای معرّفی «طرز» و طرزشناسی شعر پارسی کوشش شده ­است. در این راستا، پس از بیان معیارها، طرزهای شعر پارسی به نُه طرز تقسیم شده و هرکدام به شاعری که در آن طرز سرآمد بوده، انتساب یافته­ است. نهایت آنکه از نظرسیف هروی، طرز امیرخسرو دهلوی (725-651 ﻫ.ق)، چه در نثر و چه در شعر، سرآمد همۀ طرزها است. این نظر در کنار دیگر نظرات ستایش‌آمیز هروی دربارۀ امیرخسرو، از جایگاه والای این شاعر در شبه قارّه خبر می­‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بلاغت
• سبک‌شناسی
• نقد ادبی
• طرز
• جامع الصّنایع و الاوزان
• سیف جام هروی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recognizing the Points of Aesthetics, Stylistics and Literary Criticism in Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan

نویسنده [English]

• Mojahed Gholami

Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

چکیده [English]

One of the benefits of promoting Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent was that many books were written in Persian on various subjects by the intellectuals and elites of that land. Some of the masters and writers of the subcontinent have left behind valuable books and texts in Persian on rhetoric, understanding poetry, and literary criticism. Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan (770-778 AH) is one of these works. This book was written by Seyf Jam Heravi for Prince "Fath Khan", the son of "Firoz Shah" from the Tughlaq Shahi dynasty. Jame ol-Sanaye is a valuable book on rhetoric and the beauties and faults of Persian poetry. Although this book is influenced by some Persian and Arabic rhetorical works, such as Hadayegh ol-Sehr, Haghayegh ol-Hadayegh, Meftah al-Uloum, and Talkhis ol-Meftah, it contains significant innovations. These innovations will be mentioned in their place. In addition, the book contains valuable information and points about understanding poetry and literary criticism, and it is clear that its author considers poetry superior to prose and also considers the power of poetry to be innate. He distinguishes between a "poet" and a "composer"; he is in favor of the idea that poetry should have the meaning; But for him, the beauty and coherence of poetry are also important. He also has some noteworthy and testable opinions about the poets' following of the great poets of the past. He does not like the issue of “permissibility” in poetry. He also has indicators for criticizing poetry. Jame ol-Sanaye is the oldest rhetorical work in which an attempt has been made to define the “style” (Tarz) and stylistics of Persian poetry. In this regard, after stating some criteria, the styles of Persian poetry have been divided into nine styles, each of which has been attributed to a prominent poet. Finally, according to Seyf Heravi, the style of Amir Khusrow Dehlavi (651-725 AH), both in prose and in poetry, is superior to all styles. This opinion, along with his laudatory descriptions of Amir Khusrow, shows that this poet had a high position in the subcontinent.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Rhetoric
• stylistics
• literary criticism
• Tarz
• Jame ol-Sanaye val-Awzan
• Seyf Jam Heravi

 

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