نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.
چکیده
طنز هنر زبانی انسان است که به وسیلۀ آن با ناهنجاریهای فردی و اجتماعی مقابله می‌کند. مفهوم طنز در ادب کلاسیک فارسی با آنچه امروزه می‌بینیم متفاوت است؛ در ادب کلاسیک فارسی، طنز شکل تکامل‌یافتۀ هزل و هجو است که به مقاصد گوناگون پردازش شده است. سعدی به عنوان یکی از بزرگ‌ترین سخنوران ادب فارسی توجه ویژه‌ای به طنز داشته و با بهره‌گیری از این ظرفیت زبانی و ادبی آثارش را دلاویزتر کرده است. طنز سعدی ترکیبی از «مطایبه»، «هزل» و «طنز به معنای امروزی» است و ضمن برخورداری از پشتوانۀ اخلاقی، نشأت گرفته از تجارب فراوان و نگاه خاص او به انسان و زندگی است. بررسی طنز در آثار سعدی نشان می‌دهد که آنچه بیش از همه مورد توجه سعدی قرار داشته و از آن بیشترین بهره را برده، شیوه‌ای است که می‌توان آن را «تقابل‌سازی» نامید. در این شیوه آنچه منجر به ایجاد طنز می‌شود رویارویی دو شخصیت با یکدیگر است. در پژوهش حاضر ضمن پرداختن به مفهوم طنز، شیوۀ «تقابل‌سازی» به عنوان شیوۀ خاص سعدی برای طنزآفرینی معرفی شده و انواع آن شامل: «طنز بر مبنای تقابل خانوادگی»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل پیر و جوان»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل پادشاه و گدا»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل پادشاه و درویش»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل معلم و شاگرد»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل ابلیس و آدم»، «طنز بر مبنای تقابل حاکم و مجرم» و «طنز بر مبنای تقابل مبتنی بر موقعیت» مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Confrontation Saadi's Satirical Pattern in Bustan and Golestan
نویسنده [English]
- Behdad Beyranvand
PhD Graduated of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Humor is the art of human language, which is used to deal with individual and social anomalies. The concept of humor in classical Persian literature is different from what we see today; In classical Persian literature, humor is an evolved form of humor Smut and satire, and it does not have clear boundaries with other critical and funny themes such as: satire, humor (Smut), humor (Pleasantry), and humor (hilarity). With all these satires, comedies, satires, similes, jokes and many sweet jokes of the Persian language that have come down to us in literary works, they have satirical and critical features and it is easy to get accurate pictures of the habits and values of social life from them. The era of poets, satirists and people of the past ages of Iran has been processed and written for various purposes .As one of the greatest (eloquent) speakers of Persian literature, Saadi has paid special attention to humor and by using this linguistic and literary capacity, he has made his works more eloquent. One of the important dimensions of Saadi's speech should be considered as his humor, which has given his speech a special flavor. This color and smell, which is the result of the social nature of his speech, is most evident in his two eternal works, Golestan and Bostan. Saadi's humor in these two works is a combination of "Mataiba", "humor" and "humor in the modern sense" and while having a moral support, it is derived from his many (a great deal of - plenty of )experiences and his special view of man and life. Factors such as "characterization", "dialogue", "situation", "signs" etc. have a significant impact on the creation of Saadi's humor; With all this, what shows up in Saadi's humor the most; Humor is based on characterization, which is manifested in the form of "confrontation" in his two works. The analysis of humor in his two mentioned works shows that what has been the most important to Saadi and benefited from it is a method that can be called "contrast".
The meaning of confrontation is the confrontation of two characters in a story or anecdote, in such a way that this confrontation leads to the creation of humor. These contrasts are abundant in human life and are the result of age difference, gender, outlook on life, social status, etc. of different people and are basically an integral part of human social life. Since humor is tied to man and his world, the world of people can be called the world of confrontation, and this world becomes a tool for creating humor. There are different types of juxtaposition in Saadi's two works, including: "Satire based on family confrontation", "Satire based on the confrontation between old and young", "Satire based on the confrontation between the king and the beggar", "Satire based on the confrontation between the king and the dervish", "Satire based on the contrast between the mastr and the pupil", "humor based on the contrast between the Devil and Adam", "humour based on the contrast between the ruler and the criminal" and "humour based on the contrast based on the situation" which are introduced as Saadi's special way of creating humor and in This article has been reviewed and analyzed.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Sadi
- humor
- contradting method
- Bustan
- Golestan
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