نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشآموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
در دورههای مختلف تاریخ ادب فارسی فنّ معارضه یا جواب در میان شاعران، به ویژه شاعران سرشناس هر دوره با دیگران رواج داشته است. تعدادی از این معارضات در دایرۀ تقلید صرف محصور گشتند و تعدادی دیگر با نوآوریهای سازندگان آنها توانستند به لحاظ ارزش فنّی به درجۀ مطلوبی برسند. بررسی دیوان اشعار نشان میدهد که ارتباط شاعران با یکدیگر گاه بخش قابل توجّهی از دیوان ایشان را به خود اختصاص میدهد. از مصادیق این ارتباط یکی فنّ معارضه یا جواب است. یکی از این معارضات که در این پژوهش به آن پرداخته شده، معارضۀ همام تبریزی با سعدی شیرازی است.بررسی منابعی چون تاریخ گزیده، مونسالاحرار، تذکرۀالشعرا و ... نشان میدهد که بحث همام و سعدی در میان قدما دارای سابقه است. برخی از مهمترین و قدیمیترین منابعی که به معارضات همام با سعدی اشاره کردهاند و نیز دربردارندۀ متن این معارضات هستند عبارتند از: جنگ کتابخانۀ لالااسماعیل ترکیه، سفینۀ شمس حاجی و دستنویس کهن دیوان همام تبریزی. در پژوهش حاضر بر اساس متن این معارضات در نسخ نامبرده و به کمک روش آماری، تلاش شده تا با مقایسۀ حوزههای واژگان و نحو، شباهتها و تفاوتهای همام و سعدی در سرودن غزل برشمرده شود. در بخش واژگان ساختهای واژگانی هر واژه بررسی و مشخص شده که سعدی بیش از همام به انواع واژه و تنوّع و تازگی ساختهای واژگانی پرداخته است و در بخش نحو با بررسی ساختمان افعال، کاربرد حروف، رقص ضمیر، انواع حذف و جابهجاییهای نحوی مشخص شده که ساختارهای نحوی در غزل سعدی استحکام بیشتری دارند.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Controversies Between Homam and Saadi from a Grammatical Point of View
نویسندگان [English]
- hamidreza azimi 1
- Seyyede fateme Hashemian 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Master Graduate, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
In different periods of the history of Persian literature, the art of conflict or answer has been prevalent among poets, especially famous poets of each period. Some of these controversies were confined to the realm of imitation, and others were able to achieve a desirable degree of technical value through the innovations of their creators. A study of books of poems which is called divan, shows that the relationship of poets sometimes occupies a significant part of their poems. One .e.g. of this relationship is the technique of conflict or response. One of these conflicts is the conflict between Homam tabrizi and Saadi shirazi. Examining sources such as Tarikh Gozideh, Muns al-Ahrar, Tazkira al-Shoara, etc. shows that the debate between Homam and Saadi has a history among the ancients. Some of the oldest sources that have mentioned Homam's conflicts with Saadi which is addressed in this research are:The jong that was kept in the library of Lala Ismail in Turkey and was written in 741-742 AH by several scribes, the safine of Shams Haji which was written in 741 AH by a man named Muhammad known as Shams Haji and is now kept in the NafezPasha Library of Turkey and an ancient manuscript from the Divan of Shams Tabrizi, which was written in 739 AH by Ali Shah ibn Ali Sa'iq Esfahani and is now kept in the library of Ayatollah Marashi in Qom. In these manuscripts, the contradictions of Homam and Saadi are explicitly mentioned. For example, the jong of Lala Isma'il has mentioned the sonnets of Sa'di and Homam as the "Contradictions" between Sa'di and Homam. Also in the old Divan of Homam, some of Homam's sonnets and Saadi's sonnets have came together. In the present study, based on these contradictions in the mentioned manuscript and with the help of statistical method, we tried to enumerate the similarities and differences between Homam and Saadi by comparing the domains of vocabulary and syntax. Indeed this thesis was investigated the words construction, non-persian words, verbs construction, particles, deletion, shifting pronouns, presentation and delay of sentence components. At last, we examined the lexical structures of each and found that Saadi paid more attention to the types of words and the variety and novelty of the lexical structures than to Homam. We found that the syntactic structures in Saadi's sonnets are more solid. For example Saadi has more deletations than Homam which made his poetry more concise. Also Homam moved the parts of the sentence more than saadi which caused it to deviate from the standard syntax. Also, statistical charts are drawn using Excel software to display the results of the research in one place.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Saadi
- Homam
- Conflict
- Words
- Syntax
- Lala Ismail Jong