نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حیدرعلی دهمرده ¹
• سمیه تنهایی ²

¹ دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

² دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

چکیده

خاقانی شروانی، سراینده نامدار و قصیده‌پرداز قرن ششم هجری، از بزرگ‌ترین شاعران زبان و ادب فارسی است. شاعری که پیچیدگی مضامین، زبان فاخر و فنون شاعری کم‌نظیرش، او را همواره خاص جلوه می‌دهد. استفاده از وابسته‌های عددی خاص در ساختار شعر خاقانی باعث تنوع لغات و اصطلاحات در زبان شده است و مهارت وی را در ساخت این ترکیبات نشان می‌دهد. شیوایی و دل‌نشینی گفتار هر شاعر هنرمند به مهارت در گزینش و چینش واژه‌ها و چگونگی ترکیب و آرایش آنها بستگی دارد. آرایه ادبی وابسته‌های عددی خاص، حاصل عناصر خیالی و انحراف از قاعده زبانی در شعر خاقانی است و عامل دیریابی مفهوم شعر وی می‌گردد؛ اما این دور از ذهن بودن، امری هنری است که سخن وی را زیبا جلوه می‌دهد. در زبان گفتاری، اعداد بر شمارش معدود خود دلالت دارد؛ به‌گونه‌ای که سراینده از هنجار عادی کلام خارج‌شده، معدودهایی را به کار می‌گیرد که یا قابل‌شمارش نیستند یا از امور انتزاعی‌اند. در این پژوهش به معرفی و بررسی ساختار تشکیل‌دهنده این صور خیالی در اشعار خاقانی پرداخته و سعی شده است تا وابسته‌ها به همراه اعداد و معدودشان محاسبه شود. در اینجا به این پرسش‌ها پاسخ داده می‌شود که در ترکیبات وابسته‌های خاص عددی، کدام ساختار دارای بسامد بیشتری است و کدام‌یک از این اعداد، بیشترین کاربرد را در شعر خاقانی دارد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهد که اعداد به‌کاررفته در اشعار، شامل یک، دو، سه، چهار، هفت، صد، هزار، صدهزار، یک‌دو، نیم، چندین و... است. وابسته عددی خاص «عدد + وابسته مادی + معدود مادی» بالاترین بسامد را به خود اختصاص داده و ترکیب «عدد + وابسته انتزاعی + معدود مادی» کمترین تعداد را دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• خاقانی شروانی
• عدد و معدود
• معدود مادی
• وابسته انتزاعی
• وابسته عددی خاص

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Specific Numerical Dependencies in Khaqani Shervani's Poetry

نویسندگان [English]

• Heydar Ali Dahmarde ¹
• Somayeh Tanhaei ²

¹ Associate in Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.

² Master student of Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In the Persian language, there exist established conventions for representing numbers that exhibit limited variability. Numbers are a collection of terms employed for quantifying various entities. The utilization of numbers, their combinations, and associated concepts holds a prominent role across a wide spectrum of disciplines, including philosophy, logic, mathematics, and literature. In certain instances, specific numbers may even acquire a revered and valuable significance in the eyes of diverse cultures. The significance of numbers extends to the extent that certain religious traditions have harnessed them to further their objectives and communicate their ethical and societal perspectives. Despite this, in the realm of rhetorical works, particularly within the domain of stylistics, there is relatively scant attention given to this abstract form. Consequently, this research endeavor aims to introduce and scrutinize the framework of this abstract representation. In this study, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed to introduce and analyze the composition of the figurative imagery found in the poems of Khaqani. Additionally, an effort was made to quantify the occurrences of associated elements and numerical values. This research aimed to address two primary inquiries: firstly, to determine which structure occurs most frequently in the amalgamation of specific numerical elements, and secondly, to identify the predominant numerical values used in Khaqani's poetry. In accordance with the syntactic framework elucidated by Shafi'i Kadkani in his work "The Poet of Mirrors," the structural organization and composition within Khaqani's poetry can be delineated as follows: 1. The concatenation of numerical values with material dependents followed by numerical values; 2. The juxtaposition of numerical values with material dependents and subsequently with abstract numerical values; 3. The amalgamation of numerical values with abstract dependents succeeded by numerical values; 4. The fusion of numerical values with abstract dependents followed by abstract numerical values. In order to acquaint the readership with this intricate syntactic structure and the amalgamation of distinct numerical elements within Khaqani's poetic compositions, the author has conducted a comprehensive examination of these specialized numerical dependencies and their corresponding values within these four structural patterns. The utilization of various numerical values in the creation of unique numerical combinations is a distinctive stylistic trait of Khaqani. Consequently, this approach often deviates from conventional norms in many of his poems. Through the employment of this artistic technique, Khaqani has ingeniously crafted novel compositions, enhancing the beauty of his words. Within Khaqani's poetic works, specific numerical values and their dependencies are diverse, encompassing figures such as one, two, three, four, seven, one-two, one hundred, one thousand, one hundred thousand, as well as various fractional quantities. Among these specific numerical combinations, the most frequently occurring pattern comprises the sequence "number + material-dependent + material numbers," while the least frequent is the combination of "number + abstract-dependent + material numbers." Structurally, figures such as "one," "three," "four," "one-two," and "half" signify scarcity, while "hundred," "thousand," and "hundred thousand" denote abundance. A more detailed examination of Khaqani's compositions, as found in his Diwan, reveals variations such as those involving the prefix "a few," stanzas featuring two dependencies, and compound combinations, albeit these are exceedingly rare.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Khaqani Shervani
• Numerals and countable entities
• countable materials
• abstract dependencies
• specific numerical dependencies