Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

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The Literary Metaphor and the Conceptual Metaphor

MohamadHasan Hasanzade Neery; AliAsghar Hamidfar

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 1-23

Abstract

< p >< p >It has been about four decades since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson brought up the notion of conceptual metaphor in their book Metaphors We Live By (1980). Since then, this ... Read More

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Analysis of “Culture Industry” in Ordibehesht Diary by Jafar Modarres Sadeghi

Elnaz Khojaste Zenoozi; Mahbube Mobasheri

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 25-42

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.291095.1351

Abstract

Cultural identities in contemporary societies are influence of “cultural industry” or "mass culture" that is liar, median and extemporaneously theory and influence of Frankfurt ... Read More Cultural identities in contemporary societies are influence of “cultural industry” or "mass culture" that is liar, median and extemporaneously theory and influence of Frankfurt school scientist as an important theory in the world. Therefore, “Culture industry” is a material and pseudo category and have no generic, dynamism and animal spirits. Whole of this is false and chimerical asked in contemporary consumption societies that remove people from original culture and attained material and intellectual expectations by programmed goals. Therefore, the society exploited by capitalist powers and consumed by his commodities. Now, modern human influence of west consumable culture. Consumable human in consumption society, is living and thinking by economic powers ideals and is relocating with his original culture value. Ordibehesht Diary by Jafar Modarres Sadeghi, is among of decade of 90 in contemporary Iranian literature; in other words a period of contemporary history that urbanized middle rank of society is involved to apparent of modernism and “cultural industry” and forgot trueborn origin thinking through cultural industries capitalist and schematic goals. This roman and cling of “cultural industry” has a character who is a bad symbol of modern human and just is consuming everything over plus and is severing of spiritual live ultimately. This research, by descriptive and analytical method, has review and analyze category of “cultural industry” and sociology dimension. Accordingly, narrator of this roman is a lonely man that satisfied with over plus consumption, west material culture and attend to medial culture, because in his society has any original and good thing. Consequently, this character is a symbol of "One-Dimensional man" according of Marcuse's views. That kind of contemporary character is influencing of "Alienation" and is reflecting this entire characteristic in this roman. Now, we are critic and analyzing this theory in this roman as a good and suitable choice.

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Afzal’s Biography of Poets (Tadhkirah-ye Afzal) and the Analysis of his Critical Ideas

Ebrahim Khodayar

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 45-68

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.293895.1383

Abstract

Afzal Makhdoum Pirmasti is a literary figure, poet, and biography writer from Herat, Bukhara (death: 1916). According to the author in the introduction, he wrote Tadhkirah of Afzal-al-Tazkar ... Read More Afzal Makhdoum Pirmasti is a literary figure, poet, and biography writer from Herat, Bukhara (death: 1916). According to the author in the introduction, he wrote Tadhkirah of Afzal-al-Tazkar fi Zekr-al-Sho’ara va al-Ash’ar, also known as Afzal’s Biography of Poetry, asked by the then- emir of Emirate of Bukhara, Said 'Abd al-Ahad Khan (1886-1910), in 1904 about 137 poets of his time in the literary environment of Bukhara and the Persian speaking regions - who lived in Bukhara - from 1787/1788 until the year of compiling the Tadhkirah. There little is known about this author and his biography writing. The scientific resources in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are not without pitfalls. Thus, this study aims to introduce biography writing in general, and Afzal's Biography and critical ideas in particular. To achieve this aim, content and document analysis is employed focused on this genre to pursue the following questions: who is Afzal Makhdoum and what are his critical ideas in the biography? What is the role of the Afzal's Biography of poets in the literary Persian biography writing and the anthology of Transoxiana? The findings show that Afzal's Biography of Poets is an independent, regional- contemporary prose in the Persian language. His critical ideas could be classified into five categories: historical-interpretive, moral, political-social, rhetoric-aesthetic. The biography plays a significant role in the area and is considered as one of the main resources of the Persian literary anthology of the 19th and 20th centuries in Transoxiana. However, this Tadhkirah was written by the author on the orders of Then-emir, As a result, he interfered with the court and the personal interests of the emir in presenting critical views, Due to the important role he played in reviving the names and works of her contemporary poets in the literary environment of Bukhara, he immediately attracted the attention of poetry and literature enthusiasts of this period; so that, has always been one of the main sources for researches on literary environment of of Bukhara and its related areas.

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The Impact of Chaos Theory on Reinforcing Postmodern Strains of the »The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra« Fiction

Mohammad Reyaz Raeisi; Mohammad Ali Mahmoodi; Abdolali Oveisi Kahkha

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 67-87

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.293574.1376

Abstract

The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra” by Reza Ghasemi is one of the most significant postmodern stories in Persian literature. It tells the life of a group of Iranian immigrants ... Read More The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra” by Reza Ghasemi is one of the most significant postmodern stories in Persian literature. It tells the life of a group of Iranian immigrants and exiles living in France who are still struggling with their original culture and beliefs. Chaos theory, which is one of the well-known and widely used theories in physics and meteorology, is reflected in this story. Since this story is a piece of metafiction, the author/narrator consciously refers to the chaos theory and in particular to the butterfly effect. This study, after introducing the most characteristic features of chaos theory, reads “The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra” in light of this theory. It uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the effect of chaos theory on the postmodern aspects of this fiction and on the lives and destinies of the characters. We seek to show how the manifestation of a scientific theory in the story reinforces its postmodern aspects. Chaos theory is used in various sciences. It talks about nonlinear events and processes based on uncertainty. The manifestation of chaos theory in this story distinguishes it from others. According to this theory, complex and turbulent phenomena and events are the result of multiple causes and constantly affect each other. These kinds of phenomena are sensitive to their initial conditions and their various components, based on the butterfly effect, self-similarity, dynamic adaptation, and strange attractors, show a kind of order in disorder or a quasi-chaotic situation. The results of this study show that the chaos theory, through disturbing and unfamiliar propositions, highlights the postmodern aspects of the story and at the same time justifies the confusion of the characters while coordinating the form and content. This theory describes the intertwined and complex lives and fates of the characters in a postmodern way and shows the effects of small variables on large events and the fates of the characters.

scientific-research

"The Causes of Changing the Names of the Characters in the Tales of Mathnawi

Afsaneh Saadati; Mohsen Mohammadi Fisharaky

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 89-112

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.288112.1329

Abstract

The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra” by Reza Ghasemi is one of the most significant postmodern stories in Persian literature. It tells the life of a group of Iranian immigrants ... Read More The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra” by Reza Ghasemi is one of the most significant postmodern stories in Persian literature. It tells the life of a group of Iranian immigrants and exiles living in France who are still struggling with their original culture and beliefs. Chaos theory, which is one of the well-known and widely used theories in physics and meteorology, is reflected in this story. Since this story is a piece of metafiction, the author/narrator consciously refers to the chaos theory and in particular to the butterfly effect. This study, after introducing the most characteristic features of chaos theory, reads “The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra” in light of this theory. It uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the effect of chaos theory on the postmodern aspects of this fiction and on the lives and destinies of the characters. We seek to show how the manifestation of a scientific theory in the story reinforces its postmodern aspects. Chaos theory is used in various sciences. It talks about nonlinear events and processes based on uncertainty. The manifestation of chaos theory in this story distinguishes it from others. According to this theory, complex and turbulent phenomena and events are the result of multiple causes and constantly affect each other. These kinds of phenomena are sensitive to their initial conditions and their various components, based on the butterfly effect, self-similarity, dynamic adaptation, and strange attractors, show a kind of order in disorder or a quasi-chaotic situation. The results of this study show that the chaos theory, through disturbing and unfamiliar propositions, highlights the postmodern aspects of the story and at the same time justifies the confusion of the characters while coordinating the form and content. This theory describes the intertwined and complex lives and fates of the characters in a postmodern way and shows the effects of small variables on large events and the fates of the characters.

scientific-research

Palace's Techniques in Hafez's Poems, the Criterion for Persian Language and Structure

Farhad Kakeh Rash; Hosein Arian

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 113-131

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.260479.1044

Abstract

There is no doubt that great Persian poets such as Ferdowsi, Saadi, Hafez and Nezami are the architect, criterion, acid test and preserver of language, language identity and Persian ... Read More There is no doubt that great Persian poets such as Ferdowsi, Saadi, Hafez and Nezami are the architect, criterion, acid test and preserver of language, language identity and Persian eloquence. One of the cornerstones of Persian language and eloquence is Hafez Shirazi. Hafez’s poems have been studied and analyzed from different approaches. In the present study attempt has been made to examine the imposed restriction in Hafez’s speech and understand what methods exist in Persian language for creating restriction in speech to be worthy of attention as far as art's esthetics approach, eloquence and applied semantics are concerned. To do so, while extracting and categorizing restrictive cases and providing generalizable rulesare dealt, various issues have been conducted Hafez’s art and as enjoying the above linguistic techniques. Mentioning palaces in Persian language have been made more with yardstick of palace's eloquence in Arabic language without attention to Persian language specific structure whereas they have different structures in speech's highlighting. Furthermore, other cases also exist that have not been paid attention to. In the present study which has been carried out using descriptive analysis and quantitative and qualitative design aiming at attaining yardsticks and criteria for analyzing Persian literary texts in semantics approach. Therefore attempts have been made while examining the way comparing the principles in semantics with Persian language structure through data analysis, offering a model for artistic speech assessment is developed. To do so, following studying and examining Hafez’s sonnets and analyzing eloquence-syntax structure, some selections of his poems have been organized. Hafez uses restriction words constantly even though it may be regarded more ordinary and less importance in view point of literary criticism but in literature which is the arena for meta norms and escaping the norms, a master and rhetorician as Hafez even has enjoyed the above technique in a way that has not impaired speech. Therefore, the analysis of Hafez's poems from the point of view of semantics, especially bound and restriction, can be the grammatical and linguistic basis in Persian rhetoric.

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Rhetorics of Modality in the Panegyrical Poetry of the Ghaznavid Court

Siavash Goodarzi; Mostafa Musavi

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 133-151

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2019.285238.1299

Abstract

Literature is constructed by language. Therefore, we can use linguistic theories in literary studies. Among these theories, functionalism is more appropriate for rhetorical studies ... Read More Literature is constructed by language. Therefore, we can use linguistic theories in literary studies. Among these theories, functionalism is more appropriate for rhetorical studies because, in addition to particular clauses and the text as a whole, functionalists pay special attention to the context in which the text was written — and this is the fundamental of rhetoric. To functionalists, every clause has three basic roles called metafunctions. One of these metafunctions is establishing an interaction between the utterer and the addressee. This metafunction has various components including modality. Modality refers to a collection of the speaker’s judgments regarding what they say and the uncertainty which they apply to the clauses. A significant part of Persian literature is panegyric poetry. The Ghaznavid Court was one of the most important supporters of the panegyrists. The main components of the context, in panegyric poetry, are the poet, the person who is being praised, and the position which the praised person holds. This study aims at analyzing the influence of these components on the usage of modality in Ghaznavid panegyric poetry in order to find out any possible patterns and rules in the extant poems of this period. Furthermore, the poems which do not follow the aforesaid rules are analyzed according to their historical context. The article argues that the promotion of the praised person, from “prince” to “king” (sultan), cause changes in the poet’s rhetorical and poetical approach in using modality. In more accurate words, as a result of the promotion of the praised person the poet uses less modal elements in his panegyrics. In addition, although changes in the position of the poet or the praised person mostly do not lead to significant alterations in the quantity of the modal components, such alterations do occur in some circumstances such as rivalries for achieving political dominance.

scientific-research

Analyzing The Structure and The Tune in Two of Saadi’s Poems

Pooneh Nasher; Abbasali Vafaei

Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2020, Pages 153-173

https://doi.org/10.22059/jlcr.2020.214703.516

Abstract

One of the forms of Persian literature is lyrics, which affords the widest horizon in expressing emotion and receiving emotional and sensory experiences. Tone is the color the speaker ... Read More

Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric

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Volume & Issue: Volume 9, Issue 3 - Serial Number 19, October 2020, Pages 1-184

The Literary Metaphor and the Conceptual Metaphor

Abstract

Analysis of “Culture Industry” in Ordibehesht Diary by Jafar Modarres Sadeghi

Abstract

Afzal’s Biography of Poets (Tadhkirah-ye Afzal) and the Analysis of his Critical Ideas

Abstract

The Impact of Chaos Theory on Reinforcing Postmodern Strains of the »The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra« Fiction

Abstract

"The Causes of Changing the Names of the Characters in the Tales of Mathnawi

Abstract

Palace's Techniques in Hafez's Poems, the Criterion for Persian Language and Structure

Abstract

Rhetorics of Modality in the Panegyrical Poetry of the Ghaznavid Court

Abstract

Analyzing The Structure and The Tune in Two of Saadi’s Poems

Abstract